ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”: ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช

ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช: ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1933-1939

ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืืฆื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ, ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1933 ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื“ 1945 ืขื ืชื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืคืกื“ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ.

ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช. ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืกืกืช ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ืขื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช, ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœืขื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืฉืžืฆื“ื™ืง ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื, ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’\ื”ืคื™ื”ืจืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืงืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื›ืืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช.

ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™-ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืคืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20, ื—ืจืคืช ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื•ืจืกืื™ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื–ื ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืขื ื‘ื™ืกื•ืกื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™ื˜ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชื—ืžืฉ. ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื• ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืขื•ื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืืฆื™. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื ืืฆืœื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืจืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื.

ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืงื• ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœื ื˜ืจื— ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืฉื›ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืžืฆืื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืชื—ืžืฉืช ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช. ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื ืืฆื™ ื ืงื˜ื• ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืฆืจืคืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ื•ืก ืฉื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ืฉืœื•ื ืืš ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืืœื• ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืคืจื™ืฆืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืืฆื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ืกื›ื ืจื™ื‘ื ื˜ืจื•ืค-ืžื•ืœื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืจ.

ื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ืคื•ื— ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ืืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช – ื”ืื ืฉืœื•ืก, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืคืœื™ืฉืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืคืœืฉื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจืืฉืŸ ืฆืจืคืช ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืคืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ืคื•ืชื—ืช ื—ื–ื™ืช ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”. ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืจื‘ืจื•ืกื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืžืคื ื” ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืคืชื—ื” ื—ื–ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืจื’ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืคื™ืชื—ื” ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืคื™. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 1941 ื—ืœ ืžืคื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืžืคืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ืขื“ ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ืคืœืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื ืืฆื™ ื‘-1945.

ืžืชื•ืš: ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” / ื ืืฆื™ื–ื, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉื•ืื” / ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ / ื”ืฉื•ืื”

ืื™ืš ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื’ื–ืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’: ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช

ื’ื–ืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื“ื ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืฉืœื• ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืื™ืš ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื’ื–ืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’

ื”ืืจื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช: ื ืงืžื”, ืฆื“ืง ื•ืžื•ืกืจ

ืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืื™ืžื” ืขืœ ืืœื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืจื•ื“ืคื•ืช. ืืš ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืจืื” ื”ืžื‘ืขื™ืช, ื”ืŸ ืžืžืœืื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช

6 ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช

ื—ืžืฉ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช. ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžืขืฉื™.

ืœื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจ: ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช

ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช

ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘: ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืขืœ "ืื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื”"

ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืขืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื, ืจืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ืขืœ "ืื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื”".

ืคืจื ืฅ ืคืื ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื”, ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ

ื”ืื ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืœื™ื? ื•ืื™ืœื• ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื›ืื™ื ืื•ืชื? ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคืจื ืฅ ืคืื ื•ืŸ

ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื:

ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ืš: 10 ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ื–ื

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื“ืขื• ืื ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜? ืขืฉืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ ืืฆื‘ืข ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ื–ื

ื’ื–ืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’: ื›ืฉื”ื›ื•ื— ืœืชืขืชืข ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื ืฉืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™

ื’ื–ืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืืœื ื›ืœื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื“ืจื™ ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื™. ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืฆืžื” ืžืฉืชืคืช ืคืขื•ืœื”?