ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”: ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื

ื™ืขื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉื (ื—ืจื, ื—ืงื™ืงื”, ืชืขืžื•ืœื”, ื˜ืจื•ืจ,ย  ืืจื™ื–ืืฆื™ื”, ื”ื’ื™ืจื”-ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ, ืฉื ืช 1938 ื›ืฉื ืช ืžืคื ื”).

ืจืื• ื’ื:ย ืฉื ืช 1938 ื›ืฉื ืช ืžืคื ื” ื•ื”ืงืฆื ื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื™ื—ืกื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื

ืขื“ ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”-II ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืงืช ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”: ย ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ , ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” , ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœื ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ืœืคื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืžืจืืฉ ืืœื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืจ ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.

ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘-3 ื“ืจื›ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชื: ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื•ื—ืงื™ืงื”.

ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื›ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื”ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,ื›ืœื”ืงืช ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช, ืขื›ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื ,ืขืจืคื“ื™ื ื•ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืฆืฆื™ ื“ื… ื”ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ื• ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืืœ ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื , ืืš ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืง. ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืคื ื• ื’ื ืœื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ื›ื•ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืืœื” ืฉืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืขื ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ.

ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ – ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ (1935-1933)

1. ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ืจื – ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ื—ื™ืงื” ื™ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ื—ืจื ืขืœ ืงื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.ื‘ืื—ื“ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1933 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ืจื, ืฉื‘ื• ืคืฉื˜ื• ืคืœื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืก ืื” (ื”ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช), ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ื—ื™ื‘ืœื• ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืกื—ื•ืจื”, ืคืจืขื• ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืก ืื” ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื ืขื• ื›ื ื™ืกืช ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืฅ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™, ืฉื”ื•ืจื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื—ืจื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.

ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื ืจืฆื• ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื,ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื“ืจืš ืœืคืจื•ืง ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ื”ื˜ืœืช ืคื—ื“ ืขืœ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื•ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœืขื•ืœื ืžื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืชืคืจื ืกื• ืžืžืกื—ืจ, ื•ื”ื—ืจื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืืœืฅ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืจ ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.

ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืœื ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ื•"ืœ – ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช (ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ืฆืจืคืช, ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืืจื”"ื‘) ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืœืช ื—ืจื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืขืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ื”ื ืืฆื™ื, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ื—ืจื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ืžื”ืจื”.

2. ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช – ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื“ื—ื™ืงืชื –

ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ืฉืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืจื›ื•ืฉื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช.

ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1933 ื ื—ืงืง ื”ื—ื•ืง "ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช", ืฉื”ื•ืจื” ืœืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืœื ืืจื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžืžืฉืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช.ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืืจื™ื•ืช ื ืงื‘ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื™ื”ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืื ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื, ืžืฆื“ ื”ืื ืื• ืžืฆื“ ื”ืื‘, ื”ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืจื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™.

ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ืชืงื• ืžื’ื“ ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื ืขืจืš ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื-

2000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ืจื• ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ืคืกืงื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื.

3. ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื

ื‘ืžืื™ 1933 ื ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืจื™ืคืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ , ืฉื‘ื”ื• ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื‘ืืฉ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉื’ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื ืืฆื™. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ "ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ืกืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืคื• ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื".

ื ืืกืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื”ื•ืœื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื‘ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ,ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช , ื‘ืฉืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช.

ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1933ย  ื”ืงื™ื ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืœืงืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืฉืจื™ื›ื–ื” ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืœื™ื”, ื•ื ืžื ืข ืžื”ื ื›ืœ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื’ื‘ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืกืคืจื ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“.

ื”ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืงื”, ืืœื ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.

ืฉืœื‘ 2 – ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ (1935-1939)

4. ื—ื•ืงื™ ื ื™ืจื ื‘ืจื’

ื‘-15 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1935, ื”ืชื›ื ืกื” ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ืจื ื‘ืจื’, ื•ื ื™ืกื—ื” ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื ื™ืจื ื‘ืจื’ ื›ื—ื•ืงื” ืื ื˜ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืฉืฉื™ื ืชื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื›ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.

ื”ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื—ื•ืง ืžื“ื™ื ื” , ืฉืžื ืข ืžื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื.

ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื™ืš ืœื ืฆื•ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืื–ืจื—ื™ื-ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืืœื ื ืชื™ื ื™ื”. ื”ื—ื•ืง ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื™ื”ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ – ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืงืจืื• ื‘ื ื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ื ื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.

ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ื“ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ -ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื. ื ืืกืจ ืงื™ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.ื ืืกืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ,ืฉื’ื™ืœืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-45 ื•ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ืฉืžื™ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ืืจื™, ื ืืกืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ืฃ ืืช ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืจื™ื™ืš ืื• ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื•.

ืžืฉื ืช 1938 ืกื•ืžื ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื“ืœื• ืžืฉืืจ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืจื™ื™ืš.

ื—ื•ืงื™ ื ื™ืจื ื‘ืจื’ย  ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืช ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ , ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื• ืคื™ืกื™ืช โ€“ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื‘ื’ื˜ืื•ืช.

5. ืืจื™ื–ืืฆื™ื” (ื˜ืจื•ืจ)

ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื ื™ืจื ื‘ืจื’ ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืืจื™ื–ืืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืง ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™,ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืœื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืืจื™ื•ืช. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขย  ืœืฉื™ืื• ื‘-1936.

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืืจื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื ืฉืœืœื• ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ , ื•ื”ืจื—ื™ืงื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืชืงื ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืขืœ 5000 ืžืืจืง.ย  ืขื“ 1936 ืœื ืจืฆื• ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืคืจื ืกืชื. ืœืื—ืจ 1937 ื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช "ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื ืงื™ื™ื” ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื" ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.

ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 1938 ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืขืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื•, ืฉื ื’ื–ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ืžื›ืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื”.ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืย  ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื–ื™ืจื–ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”.

6. ื”ืžืคื ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืœื™ (ื˜ืจื•ืจ) –

ื”ื”ืงืฆื ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1938.ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืืœื• ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืขืฆืžื”.ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืฉื• ื•ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื–, ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื ืกื’ื•, ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื—ื•ืœืœื• ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืฃ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื”, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ืจื• ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื•ื”ื•ืฉืคืœื•. ื‘ืชื™ ืขืกืง ื”ื•ื—ืจืžื•, ื•ื”ื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ื’ืจ ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื•ืคืงื“ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ืื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ.

ืžืฉื ืช 1938ย  ื”ื•ื—ืœ ื ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ,ื›ืœื™ืืชื ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื ื’ื“ื.

ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื "ืฉืจื”" ืื• "ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื•ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ืช J (Jude) ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืžืŸ ืืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืชื.

ื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื- ื›ืžื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช (ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื™ ืžืœื•ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื..).

6. ืœื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืœื—

ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1938 ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื• ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฉืื–ืจื—ื•ืชื ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ.ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคืจืื•ืช.ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืกื—ื‘ื• ืžื‘ื™ืชื ื•ื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืžื™ื“ ืืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™.. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ( ืœื™ื“ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื–ื™ื‘ื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ) ืืš ืžืžืฉืœืช ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ืžื” ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื , ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.

ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืคืŸ ื”ืชื ืงืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืฆืจืคืช.

ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ืžืคืฆืขื™ื• ,ื•ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ื ืขืจืš ื‘9 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1938-ืคื•ื’ืจื•ื ื ืงืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืก ืืก ื•ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ.ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืชื ืคืœื• ื”ืคื•ืจืขื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื , ื”ื›ื• ืืœืคื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ืจื’ื• 92 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉืจืคื• ืžืื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกืช, ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื•ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืกื• ืืœืคื™ ื‘ืชื™ ืขืกืง ,ื•ืืกืจื• 30 ืืœืฃ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื•ื–. ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืืช ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื›ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ืื” ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืจืฆื—. ืื•ืœื ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืงืจื•. ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืžืจืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื’ื‘ืœืก ื•ื”ื™ื™ื“ืจื™ืš. ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืœื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืœื— ื”ื—ืœื• ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืคืจืฅ ื•ื”ืจืฆื— ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื”ื˜ืจื™ื’ืจ ืœืคื•ื’ืจื•ืžื™ื.

ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืคื•ื’ืจื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื–ืจื– ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ืœื ืฉืœื ืžืจื›ื•ืฉื, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉืœื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื”.

ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช:

ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชื- ื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืคืจืขื•ืช ืœื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืœื— ืฉืจืชื• ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื•ื–ื™ืจื•ื– ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืืš ืกื™ืžื ื• ื’ื ืžืคื ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ื ื’ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืžืจืขื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื›ื–ื”. ื”ืคื•ื’ืจื•ืžื™ื ื’ื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ื›ื™ ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื "ืœ ืื™ื ื ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช. ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื "ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืœืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• , ื•ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื• ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืชย  ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.

ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช

ื”ื ืืฆื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืจืงืข ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ

ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืืฆื™

ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ

ื”ืฉืงืคืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช

"ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืคื™: ืžืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”" \ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืœ' ืžื•ืกื”

ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ- ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ืก: ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื”ืจืจ/ ืื™ืืŸ ืงืจืฉื•

ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”

ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”

ืชื•ืžืก ืœื•ืงืžืŸ ื•ื”ื“ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืจืื™ืช

ืชื•ืžืก ืœื•ืงืžืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื“ืช ืื™ื ื” ื ืขืœืžืช ืืœื ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืžื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืขืฆืžื™ ืื—ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.

ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ืช

ื”ืื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื–ื” ืฉื™ื—ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”? ื™ื•ืจื’ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจืžืืก ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ืช

ืžื—ืงืจ: ืœืžื” ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืจืง ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืžื ื•

ื”ืื ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืœื™ื•? ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ืื•ืฉืจ

ืœื ื™ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœื ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืขืฆืžื”: ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืื•ืœ ื˜ื™ืœื™ืš

ืคืื•ืœ ื˜ื™ืœื™ืš (1886โ€“1965), ืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื’ืจืžื ื™-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื›"ื™ืกื•ื“

ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ: 11 ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืื ืœื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืคื™ื? ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืช

ืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช

ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื™ืœืื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช

ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื:

6 ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืชื›ื ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”

ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืฉืžืœืฉื™ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื ื•ืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืžืชื’ืœื’ืœืช ืœืœื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”…

ืžื” ืื•ืžืจ (ื•ืžื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ) ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉื”ืขื ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”?

ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื ืชื™ื ื”, ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื "ืš

ืื•ืกืฃ ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื ืชื™ื ื”, ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืžื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื "ืš