ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”- ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื

ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”- ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื

ืœื”ืœืŸ ืชืžืฆืื• ืกื“ืจืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-15 ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”ย ื•ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื™ื™ืฆื’ื” ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืœืฆืืช ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืืœ ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื™. ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื ืžืฉื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ื‘ื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื ื” ื“ืงืืจื˜ ื‘"ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื“ื”" ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ "ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช".ย ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ืืช ืคืกืงืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืžืฉื™ืš ืืœ ืžืฉื ืชื• ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”: ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืง ืขื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืžืืกื” ืขืœ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืืœ ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”ย ืขื ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื•ื”"ืืชื™ืงื”" ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืขื ืžืฉื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ื™ื‘ื ื™ืฅย ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ืžืคื ื” ืืฆืœ ืงืื ื˜, ืืœ ื”ื’ืœ ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืžืฉื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืงืก.ย ืžื™ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื ื’ื ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืงืื ื˜ ื•ื“ื™ื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืคื™ื. ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”ย ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืืชืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื.

ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”

ื”ืจืงืข ืœืฆืžื™ื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช

ืจื ื” ื“ืงืืจื˜

ืจื ื” ื“ืงืืจื˜ – ืžื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™

ื“ืงืืจื˜ \ ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื“ื”

ื”ืžื˜ืืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื“ืงืืจื˜

ื“ืงืืจื˜ \ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช

ื“ืงืืจื˜ \ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช: ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ

ื“ืงืืจื˜ \ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช: ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™

ื“ืงืืจื˜ \ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช – ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™

ื“ืงืืจื˜ \ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช – ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™

ื“ืงืืจื˜ \ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช: ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™

ื“ืงืืจื˜- ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช: ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™

ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืงืืจื˜

ื“ืงืืจื˜: ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช, ืกื•ืœืคืกื™ื–ื ื•ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ

ื‘ืœื™ื– ืคืกืงืœ

ื”ืืžืคื™ืจื™ืฆื™ื–ื ื•ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืง

ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืง – ืžืกื” ืขืœ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื – ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืช

ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื” ื”ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืง

ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”

ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” – ืžืืžืจ ืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™

ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” – ืืชื™ืงื”

ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” – ืืชื™ืงื”: ืคืจืง 1

ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” – ืืชื™ืงื”: ืคืจืง 2

ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” – ืืชื™ืงื”: ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ืœื™ื™ื‘ื ื™ืฅ – ืžืืžืจ ืžื˜ืืคื™ื–ื™

ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 1781 ื•-1844

ืงืื ื˜

ืงืื ื˜ – ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื–ื

ืงืื ื˜ – ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” โ€“ ื›ืœืœื™

ืงืื ื˜ – ื”ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” โ€“ ื”ืฆืœืช ื”ืžื˜ืืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงืื™ืช

ืงืื ื˜ – ื”ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” โ€“ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ืžื“ืข

ืงืื ื˜ – ื”ืžื˜ืืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ืช ืืคืจื™ื•ืจื™ืช, ืจืง ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืืคืจื™ื•ืจื™ืช

ืงืื ื˜ –ย ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ื˜ืจื ืกืฆื™ื ื“ื ื˜ืœื™ืช โ€“ ื—ืœืœ ื•ื–ืžืŸ

ืงืื ื˜ –ย ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ื˜ืจื ืกืฆื ื“ื ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช

ืงืื ื˜ –ย ื”ื“ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื˜ืืคื™ื–ื™ืช

ืงืื ื˜- ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช

ืงืื ื˜ –ย ื”ื“ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืฆื™ื ื“ื ื˜ืœื™ืช

ืงืื ื˜ – ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ

ืงืื ื˜ – ื”"ืื ื™" ,ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื˜ืจื ืกื ื“ื™ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืจืฆืคืฆื™ื”

ืงืื ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜

ืงืื ื˜- ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช

ืงืื ื˜ –ย ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื ื•ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช

ืงืื ื˜ –ย ื”ื“ื™ืืœืงื˜ื™ืงื”

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืœืกื™ื•ื ืงืื ื˜

ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืงืื ื˜ ืœื”ื’ืœ

ื”ื’ืœ

ื”ื’ืœ -ื”ืคื ื•ืžื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื—

ื”ื’ืœ -ื“ื™ืืœืงื˜ื™ืงื” – Aufhebug

ื”ื’ืœ -ื”"ื™ืฉ"

ื”ื’ืœ -ื”ืืžืช โ€“ ื™ืฉ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžืช ื•ืฉืงืจ, ื”ืืžืช ืœื ื ืชื•ื ื” ืืœื ืžืชืคืชื—ืช

ื”ื’ืœ -ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืžื™

ื”ื’ืœ -ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” โ€“ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”

ื”ื’ืœ -ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช

ื”ื’ืœ -ืžื”ื• ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช

ื”ื’ืœ -ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉื•ืช

ื”ื’ืœ -ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื›ืžื ื™ืข ืœืคืขื•ืœื”

ื”ื’ืœ -ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช โ€“ ืื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื‘ื“

ื”ื’ืœ -ืกื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื–ื, ืกืคืงื ื•ืช, ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืื•ืžืœืœื” ื•ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื“ืชื™ืช

ื”ื’ืœ -ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ืคื•ื ืžื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื—

ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ื’ืœ ืœืžืจืงืก

ืžืจืงืก

ืžืจืงืก- ืจืงืข ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™

ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืžืจืงืกื™ืื ื™

ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื•ืขื™ืœื• ืœื›ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื• ืกืชื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืœื ืจืง ืขื–ืจ ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืžืœื.

ืจืื• ื’ื ืคื•ืกื˜ ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœื ื•: ืื– ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”

ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” – ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื

ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉื‘ ื›ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื›ืงืฉื‘

ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ืชืคื™ืœื” ืื ืœื ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ืงืฉื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืจื—ื•ืงื”, ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืžืœืื” ื•ื ืฆื—ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ, ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ื’ื ื‘ื–ื• ื”ืขืžื•ืงื”, ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช?

ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ:

ืื™ืš ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ืœืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ?

ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื”, ืจื—ื‘ืช ืื•ืคืงื™ื ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•?

ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”:

ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ:

ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ:

ืœืฉื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก, ื”ื ืื” ืื• ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘: ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช

ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืžื—ืœืง ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช – ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื›ื.ืŸ