ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ ืžืืžืจื™ื – ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื”

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช

"ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžื“ืข": ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช / ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืงืจื•ืœื™ ื•ืคื•ืœ ืžืื™ื™ืจ

ืžื“ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช\ ื”ืจื•ืœื“ ืื™ื ื™ืก

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืžื‘ื ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”\ ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ ืื•ื ื’

ื“ืคื•ืก, ื—ืœืœ ื•ืกื’ื™ืจืช ืžืขื’ืœ \ ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ ืื•ื ื’

ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื\ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื‘ื•ืจืง

ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื \ ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ืื™ื™ื–ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ

ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข- ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ / ืืœืงื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจืŸ

ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื›ืจืื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” – ืกื•ื–ืŸ ืกื•ื ื˜ืื’

ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”

ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืช – ื‘ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ

ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื/ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืงื™ืžืจืœื™ื ื’

ื’ื™ื•ืก ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜/ ืž. ืœื™ืกืง ื•ื“. ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ

ื”- M ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”: ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก ื•ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ืช / ืื•ืจื™ ืจื

ื”ืจื”ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืจื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ/ ืž. ืžืื•ื˜ื ืจ, ื. ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ืจ. ืฉืžื™ืจ

ืžืฆื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื”: ืžื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”/ ื“. ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ืž. ืœื™ืกืง

ืจืงืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช: ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช / ื™ืขืจ ืืคืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ื–ืื‘:

ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืžืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืœืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืืœืงื˜ื•ืจืืœื™ื•ืช /ื’ื™ื•ืจื ื’ื•ืœื“ื ื‘ืจื’

ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ / ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืœื™ื‘ืžืŸ

ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื•ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ืจืงืข ื•ืžื˜ืจื•ืช)/ืืคืจื™ื ื™ืขืจ-ื™ื•ื›ื˜ืžืŸ

ืขื“ื” ื•ืขื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช/ ืžืฉื” ืœื™ืกืง

ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ืฉื™ื:ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90\ ืืฉืจ ืืจื™ืืŸ ื•ืžื™ื›ืœ ืฉืžื™ืจ

ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™: ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ / ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜ ื. ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ืื•ืจ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ื ื•

ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช/ ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ

ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื”ืกืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืช/ ืžืฉื” ืœื™ืกืง

ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ ื‘ื‘ื’"ืฅ/ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื“ื•ืชืŸ

ืงืฅ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ื•ืก"ืœื™ื/ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืงื™ืžืจืœื™ื ื’

ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ/ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ื•ื™ื‘ืจื’ืจ

ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช:ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื \ ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื™ื–ื•ืŸ

ื™ืžื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื – ืื‘ืจื”ื ื“ื™ืกืงื™ืŸ

ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื—ื•ืง ืื• ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืกื“ืจ / ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื’ืกื™

"ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืขืจื›ื™ื•ืช ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90"/ ืชืžืจ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ

ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื: ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ / ื™ืขืœ ื™ืฉื™

ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื” / ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืงืจืžื ื™ืฆืจ

ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืชื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ/ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืžืฉื” ืœื™ืกืง

ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื ื•ืžืœื™ื”:ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ / ื”ืœืœ ื ื•ืกืง ื•ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืœื™ืžื•ืจ

ื”ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื / ืžืื’'ื“ ืืœื—ืื’'

ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื”ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ/ ื™ื•ืจื ืคืจื™

ืฉื•ื•ืช ืขืจืš ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™: ืžื‘ื˜ ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช / ื“ืคื ื” ืœืžื™ืฉ

"Standardised Latin and medieval economic growth"/ Ulrich Blum & Leonard Dudley

ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ืงืœืœืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื“ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช / ืžืื•ืจื™ืฆื™ื• ื“ืจืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ื•ื”ืื ืก ื—ื•ืืงื™ื ื•ื•ื˜

โ€œConstitutions and Commitment: the Evolution of institutions governing public choice in 17 century Englandโ€ / North & Weingast

ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืžื•ืกื“ื™ืช, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ื‘ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” – ื–ื•ืกืžืŸ ื•ื™ืคื”

ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืฉืœ 1209-2004 \ ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ ืงืœืืจืง

ื–ื™ื’ืžื•ื ื“ ืคืจื•ื™ื“\ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืžื”?

ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื‘ืชืื™, "ื”ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจืฅ ืžืžืจื™ื" ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืชืื™, ื”ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจืฅ ืžืžืจื™ื.

ืขืžื•ืก ืขื•ื–, "ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžื—ื™ื”," ืžืชื•ืš ืขื•ื–, ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืชื›ืœืช ื”ืขื–ื”.

ืคื•ืื“ ืขื’'ืžื™, ืžืœื›ื•ื“: ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื– 1967, ืคืจืง ื”ื”ืงื“ืžื”.

ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืืœื“ืจ ื•ืขื™ื“ื™ืช ื–ืจื˜ืœ, ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 2004), ืคืจืง 4: "ื—ืœื•ืฅ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืฉื™ื—" ืขืž' 245-280.

ืจื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืจื’ืžืŸ ื•ื’ื™ืœ ืžืœืฆืจ, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ: ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช, ื”ืคืจืง "ืžืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช," ืขืž' 246-261.*

ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ื’'ื™ื™ืžืกื•ืŸ: ืคื•ืกื˜ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื, ืื• ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ.*

ืื“ื•ืื•ืจื“ ืกืขื™ื“, ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื–ื, .

ื‘ื ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ืก, ืœื™ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, 1947-1949, ืคืจืง ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื.

ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื’ื•ื˜ื•ื™ื™ืŸ, "ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”' ืื• ื”ืคืจื˜ืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ", ืžืชื•ืš ื™ื—ื™ืขื ื•ื™ืฅ (ืขื•ืจืš), ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืœืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.

ืžื ื—ื ืžืื•ื˜ื ืจ, ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืคืชื— ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช, (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 2008), ืคืจืง 5: ืžืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ ืœืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™, ืขืž' 124-144.

ืžื—ืงืจ: ืœืžื” ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืจืง ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืžื ื•

ื”ืื ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืœื™ื•? ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ืื•ืฉืจ

ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืขื ืคืจื•ื™ื“

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื“ืข ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื, ืืš ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืงื— ืœื• ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ. ื–ื™ื’ืžื•ื ื“ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข.

ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ:

ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”:

ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ:

ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ: