ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžืืžืจ: ื’ื™ื•ืก ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜/ ืž. ืœื™ืกืง ื•ื“. ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ

ื’ื™ื•ืก ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜/ ืž. ืœื™ืกืง ื•ื“. ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ

ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื›ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคื›ื• ืžืจื›ื– ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืงืžื• ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื”, ื›ืš ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืคืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืืœื™ื” ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”. ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืคืœื’ื” ืœืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.

ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, "ืคื•ืขืœื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ" ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ 1905, ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ืงืžื• ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื›ืžื• "ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ". ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืงืžื• ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืŸ. ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื›ืœืœื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื”. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ, ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•. ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื—ื•ื• ืื›ื–ื‘ื” ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืื•. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช, ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื.

ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื ื ื™ืฆื ื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœ"ื”ื’ื ื”". ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ืืš ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืขื ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื–, ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืชื•ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืœื” ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื. ื”ืขื ืงืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืงืฆื•ืช (ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื›ื•').

ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžืฉื ื”- ื ื‘ื“ืœื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื™ืงืชื ืœืžืคืœื’ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืขื ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืœื” ืฉื—ืคืคื• ื‘ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช. "ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื"- ื”ื™ื• ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช- ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ- ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ื•ืช. ืžืฉืžืข ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืขื ืžืฆืข ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ืžืฆืข ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ื›ืš ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉืืœื™ื” ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•. ื›ืืŸ ื’ื ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืขืœ, ืืฉืจ ืœื ื ื’ืขื• ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืืš ืขื ื–ืืช ืฆื‘ืจื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช- ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื: "ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื", "ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื" ื•ื›ื•').

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจืžืช ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœื”ื: ื›ืš ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื (ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืื• ืืจืฆื™), ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ืŸ (ืœื›ื•ืœื ืื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช) ื•ื›ื•'. ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ื”ืชืžืงืฆืขื•ืช- ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช. ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืขื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช (ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ื’ืขื” ื‘ื›ื•ืœื). ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช.ืœืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžืฆืข ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื–ื™ืงื” ืืœื™ื”ื ืืš ื”ื ืœื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื ื”ื™ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื. (ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื›ืœ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืขืœ ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื“ื). ื™ืฉื ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืคืœื’ื”:

1. ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”- ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืกืขื“ ื•ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื- ืจืง ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.

2. ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”-ื”ืื ืœืžืคืœื’ื” ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืงื‘ืข ืžืฉืœื”.

3. ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”- ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืงื‘ื•ืข ืื• ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืจืื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.

4. ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”- ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉื ืชื™ ืื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.

5. ื”ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”- ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช/ืืชื ื™ืช ืื—ืช ืื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช.

6. ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื- ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืื’ื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืœ ืžืก' ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื”.

7. ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ- ื”ื ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ.

8. ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”- ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืคื ื™ื ืœ"ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆืง" ืื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.

ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืขื™ืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืคืœื’ื” ืื—ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืื• ืกืขื™ืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืœื™ืชืจ ื”ืกืขื™ืคื™ื.

ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื

ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืืžืจ ืžืขื•ืœื

ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืืžืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ื”ื ื” ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืืžืจ

12 ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืขืœ ืžืฉื—ืง, ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช

ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ื›ื•ื–ื‘, ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื•ืื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื”: ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜

ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ:

ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”:

ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืืžืจ ืžืขื•ืœื

ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืืžืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ื”ื ื” ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืืžืจ

ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ:

ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ:

ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘: ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื”

ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืงื—ื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื” ืขืœ ืื”ื‘ื”, ื—ืžืœื”, ื”ืืจื”, ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืจื•ืข