ืœื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืœื— – ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืงืฆืจ

ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”-9 ืœ-10 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1938 ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื• ืคืจืขื•ืช "ืœื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืœื—" ย ืฉื›ืœืœื• ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืกืžืœื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืข"ื™ ื”-ืก.ื. ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื (ื”ื™ืžืœืจ ืžื ืข ืžื”-ืก.ืก. ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื–ื”). ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืœื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืœื— ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื: ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกืช, ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืื•ื•ื” ื ื•ืคืฆื• (ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืฉื "ืœื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืœื—"). 91 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื•ืืœืคื™ื ื ืขืฆืจื• ื•ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช.

ืœืคื•ื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืœื— ื”ื™ื• 4 ืžื˜ืจื•ืช: ืœืœื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ืขื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ื”ื, ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืืช ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืจืฆื— ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ืืš ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš- ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืข"ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื•ื’ื‘ืœืก ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™.

ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืœื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืœื—:

ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืœื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืœื— ื”ืชื›ื ืกื” ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.

ืœืžื—ืจืช ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืฉื”ื ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ืžืœื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืœื— ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื.

ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ื’ื ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื™ืš ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.

ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืœื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืœื—:

ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืœื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืœื— ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉื›ื‘ื” ืืœื™ื” ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•, ืืœื” ืฉื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื• ืœืืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืขื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืืš ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื• ื‘"ืฉืชื™ืงื” ื›ื”ืกื›ืžื”" ื•ื‘ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช.

ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืœื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืœื—:

ืœืื—ืจ ืœื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืœื— ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืขื ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื ืืฆื™ ื•ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืจื”. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื’ื ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืช ืœื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื™ื ื•ื›ื•'. ื’ื ื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื”ืฉืชื ื•, ืขื“ 1938 ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืจื”"ื‘, ืืš ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ื–ื” ื ืืกืจ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ืจ ืจืง ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืกื™ืŸ. ืžืื– 1933 ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืžืžื ื”, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืœื˜ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.

ืžืชื•ืš:ย ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”ย /ย ื ืืฆื™ื–ื, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉื•ืื”ย /ย ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” 1933 – 1939

ืžื”ื• ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืฉื™ื–ื?

ื›ื•ืœื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฉืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืชืŸ, ืืš ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™, ืื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ืจื™ ื•ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™?

ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืจื’ื™ืฉื”: ืœืžื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืข"ืค ืžืจืชื” ื ื•ืกื‘ืื•ื

ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืจืชื” ื ื•ืกื‘ืื•ื ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืขืœ ืœืžื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ

ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจืื” ื•ืžืฉื™ื›ื”: ืจื•ื“ื•ืœื•ืฃ ืื•ื˜ื• ื•ื”ื ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื–ื™

ื•ื“ื•ืœืฃ ืื•ื˜ื• ื—ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื–ื™, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ื™ืจืื” ื•ืžืฉื™ื›ื”, ื›ืชื•ืคืขื” ื—ื•ืฅ-ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื˜ืจื ืกืฆื ื“ื ื˜ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื•ืœืŸ.

ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื•ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘: ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช

ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื? ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื, ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™-ื”ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื•ืœื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช?

ื ื— ืœื ืœื‘ื“: ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช

ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช? ื”ืื ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืžืœืžื“ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืงื“ื•ื ืื• ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•?

ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื:

ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื’ืจื: ื›ืš ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื–ื ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื•ื‘

ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื™ืœื’ืจื: ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉื”ืจืื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืช