ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก ื•ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื” ื•ื”ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื™ื”

ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก ื•ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื” ื•ื”ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื™ื”

ื”ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื” ื•ื”ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื” ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก (Homer) ืฉื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื—ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืœืคื ื”"ืก (ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื™ื” ื•ื”ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”12 ืœืคื ื”"ืก). ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืœืื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื” ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ื•ืœื•ื˜ืฉื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœื›ืชื‘. ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื’ื•ืจืกืช ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืœื›ืชื‘ ืจืง ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื‘ืืชื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ื—ืฉืฉ ื”ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืคื™ืกื™ืกื˜ืจืื•ื˜ืก ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืื‘ื“ื• ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื™ืจ ืœื“ืงืœื ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ ืœื‘ืœืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื’ื”ื• ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื.

ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืฉืœื™ืงื˜ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืกื‘ื‘ื• ืžืื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืืคื•ืกื™ื, ืืš ืจืง ื”ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื” ื•ื”ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื” ื ืฉืชืžืจื•. ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืขืœื• ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืฉื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืฉื”. ืืš ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืขืจื™ ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื—ื•ืคื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”.

ื’ื™ืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื˜ืจื•ื™ื” ื ื™ืฉื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืกื™ืคืจื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื-ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื\ืžืกืคืจื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก, ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžื“ื•ืงืœืžืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื˜ืจื•ื™ื” ื•ื›ืš ื ืฉืชืžืจื” ื’ืจืกืชื• ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื›ืชื‘.

ืกื‘ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช "ื‘ืŸ-ืขืจื•ื‘ื”". ืœืคื™ ืกื‘ืจื” ื–ื• ื ื’ื–ืจ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื• "ื”ื•ืžืจื™ื“ืื™" โ€“ "ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืจื•ื‘ื”", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฆืืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืฉื“ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืœื ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื•ืคืงื“ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื ืžืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื›ืชื‘ ืœืื–ื•ืจ.

ื’ื ืื ื›ืชื‘ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื” ื•ื”ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื”, ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื—ื•ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื•, ืœื™ืงื˜ื•, ืœื™ื˜ืฉื• ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืกืขื•ืช ื•ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืคืœืื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืฉืกื‘ื‘ื• ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื

ื”ืื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื˜ืจื•ื™ื” ืื›ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื•ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ืื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก? ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื“ืื™ืช ืืš ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืื›ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขื™ืจ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ืจื•ื™ื”.

ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘BBC ื”ื•ื‘ืขื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืกืคืงื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื˜ืจื•ื™ื” ื•ื ืขืฉื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”19 ืขืจืš ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ืฉืœื™ืžืŸ (Heinrich Schliemann( ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื’ื™ืœื” ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืขื•ืช ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื”. ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื• ืžืกืคืจ ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืื—ืช ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืืžืช ืืช ื”ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื˜ืจื•ื™ื” ื•ืืฃ ืžืกืคืงืช ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื—ืจื‘ื” ื•ื ืฉืจืคื”. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื˜ืจื•ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื“ืขื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื™ืžืŸ ืืš ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื™ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื ืžืฆืืช ืืžืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื”, ื’ื ืื ื–ื• ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืชื—ืช ื”ื’ื–ืžื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช.

ืืš ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืขืจืขื•ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืก ื”ืžืชื•ืืจืš ืœ1200 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื•ืฉืจื™ื“ื•ืชื• ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื›ืš ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืืคื•ืก ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืœื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื ืื›ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ืจื•ืฉื ื›ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืจ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื”ืื’ื“ื” ืขืœื™ื” ื ืฉืชืžืจื” (ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื ื•ืคื—ื”) ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.

ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืืคื•ืก

ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื”ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืœืœื ื”ืขืœืืชื• ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื ืขื ืชื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ืจื“ ื•ืคืจื™ (Lord and Parry) ืขืœ ืืคื•ืกื™ื ืื•ืจืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืกืจื‘ื•-ืงืจื•ืื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืกื™ืงื• ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ืœื”ืขืœืืชื ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘. ืคืขื ื•ื— ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ืช ื‘' (linear B) ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืข"ื™ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืก (Ventris) ืฉื›ื ืข ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืงื™ื™ื ืงืฉืจ ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืงื ื™ื™ื (ืฉืคื” ืคืจื”-ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉ-ืขืฉืจื”) ืœืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก.

ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”"ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื"

ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื˜ืจื•ื™ื” ืืœื ื”ืžื™ืงื ื™ื™ื, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื—ืœืง ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจืงื ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”"ืงืœืืกื™ืช". ืืš ืขื ื–ืืช, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืฉืœ ื–ืืช, ืจืื• ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื˜ืจื•ื™ื” ื›ืจื’ืข ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื• ื”ืชืื—ื“ื• ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉื ืžื˜ืจื” ืื—ืช. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื˜ืจื•ื™ื” ื”ืคืš ืžื›ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื•ื›ืžืขืฆื‘ "ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™" ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก. ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืœืฉื ืžื˜ืจืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืœืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืขืฆืžื• ืื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื“ื™ื ืœื• ืœืคื™ื• ืžื›ืœ ืงืฆื•ืช ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื ืชืืกืคื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื”, ืืชื•ื ื”, ื›ืจืชื™ื, ืกืคืจื˜ื”, ืื™ืชืงื”, ืืจื’ื•ืก, ืคืชืื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื•ืœื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื ื“ืจืื•ืก ืžืœืš ืกืคืจื˜ื” ืื‘ื™ ื”ืœื ื” ืฉื”ืฉื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืžื—ื–ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืขื–ืจืช ื”ื—ืชืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ.

ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืืœ ื”"ืื›ื™ื™ื" โ€“ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืงื“ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”.

ืื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจ ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื ื›ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืช ืืš ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื˜ืจื•ื™ื” ื’ืจืžื” ืœื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืขืœื•ืชื ืขืœ ื ืก. ื›ืš, ืœืื•ืจ ืขืจื›ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื“ืจืš ื ืจืื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก ื”ื•ืฉืชืชื• ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืชื”ื™ืœื”, ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื ืจืื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ืžืจื™ ื ืฉืชืžืจื• ื‘ืืชื•ืก ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื” ื•ื”ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื”. ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืกืกื• ืขืฆืžืŸ ืขืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื“ืชื™, ื‘ื™ืกืกื• ืขืฆืžื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช (ื‘ื• ืืฃ ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื—ืžื™ื ื•ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืืœื™ื ื›ืงื˜ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืชื›ื›ื ื™ื ื•ื ืงืžื ื™ื™ื ื ืฉืชืžืจื” ืœืขื“ ืžืขืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก).

ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืืคื•ืกื™ื ืœืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืชื ืื™ื ื• ืžืงืจื™. ื”ื”ืชื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื•ืžืœืืช ื™ื•ืงืจื”, ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืœื›ื• ื”ืืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื, ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื”ื™ืœื” ื—ืกืจืช ืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื. ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื•ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื˜ืจื•ื™ื”.

ื”ืฉืคื”, ื”ืจืงืข ื•ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜

ืฉืคืช ื”ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื” ื•ื”ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ื“ื™ืืœืงื˜ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื™ื ื”ืื™ื’ื™ืื™ ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ืžื” ืฉืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉืคื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืคื— ื”ืืคื™ ื•ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”. ืืš ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืืœืงื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื. ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื™ืืœืงื˜ื™ื ืคืืŸ-ื”ืœื ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืœืฉืคื” ืฉืชืฉืจืช ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื•.

ืฉืคืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื” ื•ื”ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืคื” "ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”" ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื›ื™ืื•ืช ืœืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”.

ื ื™ื›ืจ ื›ื™ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืืš ืžืกืคืจ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”. ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ ื”ืžืชื’ืœื ื‘ืจืงืข ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืงื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก ืžืืฉืจ ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืžืขืจืš ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ื•ืฉื•ื ื” (ืื ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ) ืžื”ืืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืงื ื™ื™ื. ืจืžื–ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ืจื–ืœ (ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื”) ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื’ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืชืืจื™ื›ื• ื•ื”ืงืฉืจื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื›ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.

ื”ืจืงืข ืœืขืœื™ืœื”

ืœืคื™ ื”ืื’ื“ื”, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืขื™ื˜ื” ืคืจืฆื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื˜ืจื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ืื•ืก ืจื™ื—ื ืขืœ ื’ืื™ื”, ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ื›ื•ืจืขืช ืชื—ืช ืขื•ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.

ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืื›ื™ืœืก: ืคืœืื•ืก

ืคืœืื•ืก- ื‘ืŸ ืื ื“ืื™ืก ื•ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ืืงื•ืก ืฉื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ื˜ืœืžื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื ื ื‘ืื—ื™ื”ื ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ ืคื•ืงื•ืก (ืžืžืฉื›ื‘ ืื™ืืงื•ืก ืขื ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ืคืกืชืžื” ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœื›ืœื‘-ื™ื ื›ืฉื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžืžื ื•) ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืื•ืชื• ืข"ื™ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืก. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื— ื’ืœื• ื”ืื—ื™ื ืžืžืœื›ืชื (ื˜ืœืžื•ืŸ ื™ืจืฉ ืžืงื™ื›ืจืื•ืก ืืช ืžืœื•ื›ืช ืกืœืžื™ืก ื•ื™ืœื“ ืืช ืื™ืืก). ืคืœืื•ืก ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ืข"ื™ ืื•ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืœืš ืคืชื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ืฉื ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ืคื•ืœื™ืžืœื”, ืืš ื”ืจื’ ืืช ื—ื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’ ื‘ืขืช ืฆื™ื“ ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืจ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืืœืฅ ืœื’ืœื•ืช. ื”ืคืขื ื”ืœืš ืคืœืื•ืก ืœื™ื•ืœืงื•ืก ื•ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ืข"ื™ ืืงืกื˜ื•ืก (ื‘ืŸ ืคืœื™ืืก). ืืฉืช ืืงืกื•ื˜ื•ืก, ื”ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื”, ื”ืชืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ืคืœืื•ืก ื•ืžืฉื“ื—ื” ื–ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื” ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœืื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืคืœืื•ืก ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื ื˜ืฉื” ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืžืœื” ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ ืฆืขืจ.

ื”ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื” ื’ื ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืœื” ืฉื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ืคืœืื•ืก ืœืชื—ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืคื™ืœื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื” ื ื™ืฆื— ืคืœืื•ืก ื•ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื–ืืช ืœืื ืฉื™ ืืงืกื•ื˜ื•ืก ืข"ื™ ื”ืฆื’ืช ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื’. ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื ืืงืกื•ื˜ื•ืก ืืช ื—ืจื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืคืœืื•ืก ืฉืžืฆื ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœืœื ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื•ืœ ืงื ื˜ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื”ืจื’ื•, ืืš ื”ืงื ื˜ืื•ืจ ื›ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืœื• ื•ืคืœืื•ืก ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื™ื•ืœืงื•ืก ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืœื‘ืชืจ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืคืกืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืชืจื™ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ.

ื–ืื•ืก ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฉื™ื ืœืคืœืื•ืก ืืช ืชื˜ื™ืก- ื”ื™ืคื” ื‘ื‘ื ื•ืช ื ืจืื•ืก, ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืฉืœื— ืœืžืขืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืืช ืื™ืจื™ืก. ื–ืื•ืก ื•ืคื•ืกื™ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉืงื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืืœื” "ื‘ืขืœืช ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ื›ืกืฃ" ืืš ืชืžื™ืก ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื ืฉืชื˜ื™ืก ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืœืœื“ืช ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื–ืง ืžืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ืจ ื–ืื•ืก ื‘ืคืœืื•ืก. ื‘ืขืฆืช ื›ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื™ื“ืข ืคืœืื•ืก ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื ืงืœื” ืชืชืžืกืจ ืชื˜ื™ืก ืœื‘ืŸ-ืชืžื•ืชื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื• ืœื ื”ืจืคื” ืžืื—ื™ื–ืชื• ื‘ืชื˜ื™ืก ื’ื ื›ืฉื–ื• ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืืฉ, ืžื™ื, ืืจื™ื” ื•ื ื—ืฉ ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืžืกืจื” ืœื• ื–ื• ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”. ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืืœื™ื ืœื—ืชื•ื ืช ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืชื˜ื™ืก ืืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ื’, ืื›ื™ืœืก, ื ืžืกืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื’ื“ืœื•.

ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ืœื ื” ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื”:

ื–ืื•ืก ื‘ื ืืœ ืœื“ื”, ืืฉืช ื˜ื™ื ื“ืืจืื•ืก ืžืœืš ืกืคืจื˜ื”, ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ืขื™ืžื”. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื”ืจื” ืœื“ื” ื•ืžื˜ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืžื”ืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืขื•ืช ื”ืœื ื”, ืื—ื•ืชื” ืงืœื™ื˜ืžื ืกื˜ืจื” ื•ืื—ื™ื” ืงืืกื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื“ื™ืงืก, ื›ื•ืœื ื’ื“ืœื ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ืื‘ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื‘ืกืคืจื˜ื”.

ื”ืœื ื” ื ื•ื“ืขืช ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ ื•ื›ืฉืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ื ื“ืืจืื•ืก ืœื”ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืžืชืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื–ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื“ื™ืื•ืžื“ืก, ืื ื˜ื™ืœื•ื›ื•ืก, ืื™ื“ื•ืžื ืื•ืก, ืคื™ืœื•ืงื˜ื˜ืก, ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก, ืื™ืืก, ืื™ื“ื•ืžื ืก (ืžื›ืจืชื™ื), ืคื˜ืจื•ืงืœื•ืก, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืื’ืžืžื ื•ืŸ ืžืœืš ืืจื’ื•ืก, ื›ื ืฆื™ื’ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ืœืื•ืก ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื (ื‘ื ื™ ืื˜ืจืื•ืก) ื”ื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืœื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืœื” ืžืก.

ื˜ื™ื ื“ืืจืื•ืก ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืชืŸ ืžืคื—ื“ ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื—ื–ืจื™ื ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ืชืŸ. ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืง ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก (ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžืชื•) ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื˜ื™ื ื“ืืจืื•ืก ื™ืกื™ื™ืข ืœืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ืœื•ืคื™ (ืื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื ื“ืืจืื•ืก) ื•ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื—ื–ืจื™ื ื™ืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื™ืข (ืžืขืœ ืกื•ืก ืฉื—ื•ื˜) ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืขื–ืจืช ื”ื—ืชืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื ืกื” ืœื’ื–ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืœื ื”. ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ืจื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžื ืœืื•ืก, ื”ื—ื–ืง ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžืœื›ื™ื, ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืœื ื”.

ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืคืืจื™ืก:

ื‘ื˜ืจื ื ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืงื‘ื”, ืืฉืช ืคืจื™ืืžื•ืก ืžืœืš ื˜ืจื•ื™ื”, ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืžื” ืฉืชืœื“ ืขื ืฃ ื‘ื•ืขืจ. ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืืžื•ืก, ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืื™ื™ืกืงื•ืก ื ื™ื‘ื ืข"ืค ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืœื•ื“ ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื” ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืจื’ื• ืขื ื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ื•. ืืš ืคืจื™ืืžื•ืก ื—ืก ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืกืจื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘-ื”ืจื•ืขื™ื ืื’ืœืื•ืก ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืื™ื“ื”, ืืš ื’ื ืื’ืœืื•ืก ื—ืก ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื•ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื™ ื•ืขื–ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจ ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืง ืข"ื™ ื“ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืฉื‘ ืื’ืœืื•ืก ืœืžืงื•ื ื•ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื—ื™, ืจืื” ื‘ื›ืš ืกื™ืžืŸ ื•ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืœื™ื• ื•ืงืจื ืœื• ืคืืจื™ืก. ื™ืฉ ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื” ืฉื™ื—ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืจื•ืขื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง.

ืคืืจื™ืก ื’ื“ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื ื™ืคื” ืชื•ืืจ ื•ื—ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื’ื™ืจืฉ ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ื’ื•ื ื‘ื™ ื‘ืงืจ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื•ืก ("ืžื’ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื"). ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื™ื ื•ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœืžื ืฆื— ื ื–ืจ ืคืจื—ื™ื ื•ืœืžืคืกื™ื“ ืขื˜ืจืช ืงืฉ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืคืืจื™ืก ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ืžืคืจื™ื• ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื ื–ืจ ื–ื”ื‘ ืœืคืจ ืฉื™ื ืฆื—ื, ืืจืก ื‘ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืฆื— ื•ืžืฉืื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ืคืืจื™ืก ืืช ื”ืคืจืก ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื”ืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืืœื™ื ืฉื ื˜ื• ืœื• ื—ืกื“.

ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืชืœื•ื•ื” ืคืืจื™ืก ืœืื’ืœืื•ืก ื‘ืœื›ืชื• ืขื ืื—ื“ ืžืคืจื™ื• ืœืขื™ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžืฉืชื” ื•ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื–ื›ืจ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืืžื•ืก (ื”ื•ื ืคืืจื™ืก) ื•ืžื ืฆื— ืืช ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื“ืื™ืคื•ื‘ื•ืก ื‘ื”ืื‘ืงื•ืช ื•ืจื™ืฆื”, ื—ืžืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื–ืจ ืฉื ื™ืฆื—ื ื•ื”ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื• ืขื“ ืฉืื’ืœืื•ืก ืฆื•ืขืง ืืœ ืคืจื™ืืžื•ืก "ื”ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ืชืš, ื”ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื ืš ื”ืื•ื‘ื“!". ืื’ืœืื•ืก ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื˜ืขื ืชื• ืข"ื™ ื”ืฆื’ืช ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืœ ืฉื ืžืกืจ ืืœื™ื• ื•ืคืจื™ืืžื•ืก ื•ื”ืงื‘ื” ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืœื ืฉื•ืขื™ื ืœืื–ื”ืจื•ืช ืงืกื ื“ืจื”,ย  "ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืชื—ืจื‘ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื” ืžืฉืืื‘ื“ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื”ื“ืจ" ืžื›ืจื™ื– ืคืจื™ืืžื•ืก.

ื”ืžืจื™ื‘ื”

ื—ืชื•ื ืชื ืฉืœ ืคืœืื•ืก ื•ืชื˜ื™ืก ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืคื•ืืจืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื ืขืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืคืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืœื™ื ืœืžืขื˜ ืืจื™ืก, ืืœืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืคื’ืขื” ืžื›ืš. ืืจื™ืก ื”ืชืคืจืฆื” ืœืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืชืคื•ื— ืžื•ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ "ืœื ืื•ื•ื” ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ". ืืชื ื”, ืืคืจื•ื“ื™ื˜ื” ื•ื”ืจื” ืชื‘ืขื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืขืฆืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ื— ื•ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘. ื–ืื•ืก ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžืชื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืžืก ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืืœื•ืช ืœื”ืจ ืื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืคืืจื™ืก, ืื– ืขื•ื“ ืจื•ืขื” ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ ื•ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœืืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืฉืจื• ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืชื•, ื™ืฉืคื•ื˜ ื‘ื ื™ื”ืŸ.

ืื™ืš ื’ื™ืœื” ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก ืืช ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ

ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช: ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื›ืœื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืœื ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ

ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื ืจืื” ื›ื›ืœื™ ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ, ืืš ื’ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ืžืขืงื‘ ื•ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืฉืžืฆื™ืข ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืกืชื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช.

12 ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื ื•ืฉืคื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื’ืขื•ืŸ

ืžื™ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื ืชื”ื” ืื™ ืคืขื ื”ืื ืื• ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ืื• ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื™ื•ืช? ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื. 12 ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืคื™ื•ืช, ืฉื’ืขื•ืŸ ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ื”ื.

ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘: ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืขืœ "ืื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื”"

ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืขืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื, ืจืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ืขืœ "ืื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื”".

ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ื™: ืžื™ ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžื”ืคื—ื“?

ืžื’ืคื•ืช, ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช, ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืžืฆื“ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ื™. ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื "ืžืฆื‘ ื—ื™ืจื•ื" ื”ื•ื ืœื ืื™ืจื•ืข ืืœื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”? ื‘ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื’ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ืชืจื ื™ ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ืคื—ื“

ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื:

"ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื”ื™ื ืจืข": ื’ื ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื™ื™ ื•ื•ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื” (ื•ืื•ืชื”),

ื”ืืœื™ืœื” ืฉืืžืจื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืฉ-"ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืจืขื” โ€“ ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ".

ื”ืื ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช?

ื”ืื ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื™ืกืก ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช? ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืœื-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช

ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืจื’ื™ืฉื”: ืœืžื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืข"ืค ืžืจืชื” ื ื•ืกื‘ืื•ื

ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืจืชื” ื ื•ืกื‘ืื•ื ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืขืœ ืœืžื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ