ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช: ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืงืจืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช: ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืงืจืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”

ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืขื“ ืœืคืจื™ืฆืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”: ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื™ืคื ื™ืช, ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ืฉืœื ื ืขื ืชื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืชืงื™ืคื” ืžืฆื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื; ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื•ืก ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช-ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช; ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ – ื”ื™ืกื—ืคื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื• โ€“ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ืข"ื™ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื”ืื ืฉืœื•ืก, ื”ืกื›ื ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ, ื”ืกื›ื ืจื™ื‘ื ื˜ืจื•ืค-ืžื•ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืขื•ื“.

ย 

ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™: ื”ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื, ืฉืงื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืคืจื™ืก ื‘-1920, ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื™ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• โ€“ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœื‘ืœื•ื ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช. ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ "ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืฉืกืœื“ื” ืžืคืขื•ืœื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืกืคืง ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ืกื•ืœื™ื ื™ ืื• ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ". ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืขืฆื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืžื™ื ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ "ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™", ืชื™ืžื ืข ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืง ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื›ื–ื•.

ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื™ืคื ื™ืช: ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืฆืืช ืžื—ื‘ืจ-ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื—ื‘"ื”ืœ) ื•ื–ื• ืฉื—ืฉืคื” ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ-ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื•. ื‘-1931 ื™ืคืŸ ืชืงืคื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื—ื‘ื”"ืœ, ืืช ืกื™ืŸ. ื™ืคืŸ ื ื™ืฆืœื” ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืกื™ืœืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘ืžื ืฆ'ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ, ืกืžื•ืš ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ืคืื ื™ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืŸ (ื•ืžื›ืืŸ "ืชืงืจื™ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืŸ"), ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชื•ืš ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื ืฆ'ื•ืจื™ื”. ืกื™ืŸ ืคื ืชื” ืœื—ื‘ื”"ืœ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ืคืŸ ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘ืืžื ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจ, ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืชืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื• ืื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื—ื‘ื”"ืœ ื•ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื ืขืฉื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ืคืŸ ืคืจื˜ ืœืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืœืžื ืฆ'ื•ืจื™ื” ("ื•ืขื“ืช ืœื™ื˜ื•ืŸ"), ืฉื’ื™ื ืชื” ื‘-1933 ืืช ื™ืคืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื‘ื”"ืœ ืื™ืฉืจ ืืช ื“ื•"ื— ื”ื•ืขื“ื”, ื™ืคืŸ ืคืจืฉื” ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ืŸ, ืชื•ืš ืฉื—ื‘ื”"ืœ ื•ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ืžื” ื›ื ื’ื“ื”. ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืขืฉ ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื.

ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช: ืžื•ืกื•ืœื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ืงืคืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื—ื‘ืฉ (ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”..) ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ื”"ืœ, ืžืชื•ืš ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—-ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื—ืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื›ืฉืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” (ืงืจื‘ ืื“ื•ืื” ื‘-1896). ืชืงืจื™ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื™ื ืœืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1934 ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืคื ื• ืœื—ื‘ื”"ืœ, ืืš ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ื–ืจื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืœืžื–'-ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื—ืื” ืฉืœื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชื—ืžืฉื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” (ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืกื˜ืจื–ื”, ืืคืจื™ืœ 1935). ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืคืœืฉื” ืœืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื. ื—ื‘ื”"ืœ ืคืขืœ ื”ืคืขื ืžื”ืจ ื•ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ื‘"ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ืช", ื•ื”ื•ืคืขืœื” ื ื’ื“ื” ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ืืš ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ (ืคื—ื ื•ื ืคื˜ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช) ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœืžืžืฉ ืื•ืชืŸ.

ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืฆืจืคืช, ืฉื—ืฉืฉื” ืžื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ืจืฆืชื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ืข"ืž ืฉื™ืฉืžืฉื• ื›ื‘ืขืœืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืงื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื•ืจ-ืœืื•ื•ืœ ืฉื ื—ืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ (ื”ื•ืจ) ืœืจื•ื”"ืž ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืฉื›ืœืœ ืžืกื™ืจืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื›ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”, ื ื•ื“ืข ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืขื•ืจืจ ืกืขืจื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืœืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื™ื”, ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ื“ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื’ื ืืช ืื“ื™ืก-ืื‘ื‘ื”, ื‘ื™ืจืช ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”, ื‘ืžืื™ 36' ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื›"ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช". ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1936 ื—ื‘ื”"ืœ ื ื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžืžื™ืœื ื”ืŸ ืœื ืขื–ืจื• ืœืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”. ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืืจื”"ื‘, ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ืžืžื™ืœื ื‘ื—ื‘ื”"ืœ, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ื— ืœืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช. ื•ื›ืš, ืฉื•ื‘, ื—ื‘ื”"ืœ ืกืคื’ ืžื›ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.

ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: ืžื›ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื‘ื”"ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืคืœืฉื” ืœื—ื‘ืœ ื”ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจื–, ื‘ื”ืคืจื” ื‘ื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืคืจื™ืก/ื•ืจืกืื™ ื•ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืœื•ืงืจื ื• (1925). ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœืžื”ืœืš ื–ื”. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื– ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฆืจืคืช ืœื‘ื“ื”, ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืขื•. ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื ืืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœืกื’ืช ืžื™ื“ ืœืžื•ืœ ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ืืš ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื”. ืžืžืฉืœืช ืฆืจืคืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ืจืขืจืช ื•ื—ืœืฉื” ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ "ืœืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”" ื•ื–ื›ืจื” ืืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื’ื™ื ื” ืฆืจืคืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื•, ื•ืœื ืจืฆืชื” ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืœื”ืคืจืช ืคื™ืจื•ื– ื”ืจื™ื™ืŸ. ื›ืขืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืงื•-ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื—ื–ืง ืื•ืชื” ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื”ืคืจื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืืฃ ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืš โ€“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื” ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื•ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื• ื ืืœืžื• ื“ื•ื. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืชื•.

ืฆืจืคืช ื›ืขืกื” ืืš ืœื ืขืฉืชื” ื›ืœื•ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ืชื ื—ืžื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 37' ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคืกื™ืง ืขื ื”"ื”ืคืชืขื•ืช". ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื›ื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 36' ื—ืชืžื• ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื™ืคืŸ ืขืœ "ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืงื•ืžื™ื ื˜ืจืŸ" [ืฉื ืื—ืจ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ื”-3, ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช] ื•ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื”. ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื–ืจื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจืช ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช โ€“ ื’ื ื›ื™ ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” "ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ" ื•ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื‘ื”"ืœ ืœื ืขืฉื” ื ื’ื“ืŸ ื›ืœื•ื. ื‘-1937 ื ืคืชื—ื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ืกื™ืŸ-ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉืชืกืชื™ื™ื ืจืง ื‘-1945.

ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ-ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืคื™ื•ืก: ื‘ืฉื ืช 1937 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื’ื™ืขื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื ื™ืกื• "ืœืขื›ืœ" ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ืžื ื’ื“, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืฆืจืคืช, ืฉื–ื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ืŸ, ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช. ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื—ื™ื–ืงื” ืืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœื” ืœืžื•ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ื ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฆ'ืžื‘ืจืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืœืจื•ื”"ืž ื–ื™ืจื– ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ, ืื‘ืœ ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”. ื’ื ืฆืจืคืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื• "ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืคืฆื™ื”" ืฉืงื• ืžืื–'ื™ื ื• โ€“ ืงื• ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืžืชื ื™ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”-ืฆืจืคืช – ืœื ื™ืืคืฉืจ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื• ื”ืชืงืคื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืš ืฆืจืคืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื”ืชื—ืžืฉื” ื‘ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืชืื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ืœื™ืฅ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” [ื”ื "ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื ื• ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช"..] ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื–ื ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืขื ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื”"ืž.

ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื’ื ืชื™ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืช ืชืจืžื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืจื™ืกืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืืš ืžื™ืจื‘ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ื™ื‘ืฉ ืฆ'ืžื‘ืจืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื“ืขื” ืœื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช "ื”ืคื™ื•ืก", ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื•ืœื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคืŸ โ€“ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืœื” ื•ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืจืง ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช/ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”. ืฆ'ืžื‘ืจืœื™ื™ืŸ ืจืื” ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœื• ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื›ืืŸ, ืฉืื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืฆืจืคืช ื™ืชื ื• ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื™ืชื•ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื, ื”ื›ืœ ื™ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ื. ืœืฆื“ ื–ืืช, ืฆ'ืžื‘ืจืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืชื— ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื ืคื™ืชื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ืคื•ื—-ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืœื ืขืžื“ื• ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืงื ืื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื•ืก ืจืง ื“ื—ืชื” ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืžื ืขืช. ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ืฆ'ืžื‘ืจืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืกื” ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช, ืžืชื•ืš ืชืคื™ืกื” ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื•ืงื™ื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื™ื›ืฉืœ, ื”ื•ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืฆืจืคืช. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืฆืจืคืช ื”ื•ื‘ืกื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื•ืก ืขืœืชื” ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ื‘ื“, ื’ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ื•ืงืจื” ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ื "ืœ ืฉื ื”ื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช "ืขืœ ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืคื™ื•ืก".

ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื•ืก ืกืชืžื” ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืœ "ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™" ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ื”"ืœ. ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกื›ื ื•ืจืกืื™, ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคืจ ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘"ืื ืฉืœื•ืก" โ€“ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืขื ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”

ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ:ย ืžื‘ื•ื ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช โ€“ ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื

ื›ืืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช:

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•

ืžื‘ื•ื ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช

ืžื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืช ื–ืžื ื ื•

ื›ืืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ืย ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ืย ื ื•ืกืคื™ื

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืื–ื ืช ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืืช ืชืื•ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืฆืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืœืชื•ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืื•ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช ื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื

11 ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื˜ืคื• ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื”ื

ืื™ืš ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ืช ืื• ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ืžื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื? 11 ื“ืจื›ื™ื

ื›ืฉื”ืžืœืš ืฉืœืžื” ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชื—ื–ื” ืืคืœ

ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉืœืžื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื“ ืžืชื—ื–ื” ืœื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื–ืจืง ืืœ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘? ืœื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื‘ืฉืจื• ืืช "ืืœ ื™ืชื”ืœืœ ื—ื›ื ื‘ื—ื›ืžืชื•".

ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ:

ืื™ืš ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ืœืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ?

ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื”, ืจื—ื‘ืช ืื•ืคืงื™ื ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•?

ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”:

ื”ื“ื•ืื’ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื—ื ืš ืื ืฉื™ื: 13 ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ืžื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื, ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœื”

ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ:

ื’'ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื˜ ืขืœ ืœืžื” ืืชื ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื: ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืฆื•ื“ืง ื•ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช

ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืžื—ืคืฉ ืืžืช, ืืœื ืžืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื•. ื’'ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื˜ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื โ€“ ื•ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ืจืช.

ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ:

ื”ื›ืœ ื–ื•ืจื: ืžื”ื™ "ื–ืจื™ืžื”" ื•ืื™ืš ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื”

ืžื”ื™ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืงื•ืขื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•, ื•ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื? ืขืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”"ื–ืจื™ืžื”" ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”