ืจื•ืœื ื“ ืคื ื•ืง – ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช – ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ืจื•ืœื ื“ ืคื ื•ืง – ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช – ืกื™ื›ื•ื

Pennock, Democratic Political Theory, Princeton 1979, 121-160

ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช

ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช โ€“ ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ ืžืืžืจื™ื

ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”

ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื›ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ. ืืžื ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ื›ืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืืš ืฉืื™ืคืชืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื”ืŸ, ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ. ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืชืคื›ื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ, ื•ืžื‘ืงืจืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืžื•ืžืฉ, ืชื—ืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™. ืžื’ืžื” ื–ื• ื—ื•ืชืจืช ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉืืœื™ ืขื, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื›ื•'. ื˜ืขื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืœื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืฆื•ืจืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื•, ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ืช.

1. ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช

ืจืงืข

ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชื ืื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ืœื ืคื•ืชื—ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืžืงื™ืคื” ืขื“ ื”ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช. ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื•ื”ืคืฆืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช. ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืงืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™ ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืžื’ื ื ื”, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืชื•ืžืืก ื”ื•ื‘ืก.

ื”ืžืื” ื”-17

ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-16, ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื’ื•ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™. ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-17 ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื ื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืจืงืข ื”ื–ื” ืฆืžื—ื” ื”ื’ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœ ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ื•ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืง. ืœื•ืง, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ืก, ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืจืื•ื™ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ืžื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉื ืชื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœ (ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช). ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื‘ืก ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžื”ืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื”, ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืจืฉืื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืจื•ื—ื•, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืœื•ืง. ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืชื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ืง ื”ื™ื” ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื ื™ื—ื ื• ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืืœ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ืจืขื”ื• ืœืœื ื”ืกื›ืžืชื•. ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืกื›ื ื”.

ื”ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื™ื

ื›ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ืช'ืื, ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื• ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืžื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื ื• ื’'ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜ ืžื™ืœ ื–ื ื—ื• ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืฉืงืคืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื•ืช. ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœ"ื˜ื•ื‘" ื•"ื ื›ื•ืŸ" ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœ, ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืฆื•ืžื— ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ื–ื”. ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื, ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื”ื. ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื‘, ืฉื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื•, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช.

ืจื•ืกื•

ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืื ืจื›ื™ ื•ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™. ืื•ืœื, ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ืขื•ื“ ืฆืขื“ ื•ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ืจื•ืกื•, ื›ื”ื•ื’ื” ืฉื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื›ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช. ื›ืืŸ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ืก ื•ืœื•ืง, ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืชื•ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืœื•ื›ื“ืช. ืจื•ืกื• ืžืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื–ื. ื”ืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื• ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืื•ืฉืจื• ืจืง ื›ืื–ืจื— ืชื•ืจื ื•ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื•ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื•, ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื™. ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆื“ืงืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ืกื• ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืื ืจื›ื™.ย  ืื•ืœื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืจื•ืกื• ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืฃ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืืœื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžืžืงืกืžืช ืืช ืื•ืฉืจื•.

ืจื•ืœื ื“ ืคื ื•ืง – ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช – ืกื™ื›ื•ื – ื—ืœืง 1 – ื—ืœืง 2ื—ืœืง 3 ื—ืœืง 4

ื˜ื›ื ื•ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื: ืื™ืš ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืžืช ื•ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืžื™-ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื?

ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืžืช, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืขืœื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื: ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ื‘ื™ื "ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช" ืขืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”. ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ?

ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืชื "ื›ื™, ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื•ืกืฆื ื” ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ื™ืช ืื—ืช ืฉืžื’ืฉืจืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื

ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชื "ื›ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืื• ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”? ืกืฆื ื” ืื—ืช ืžืชื•ืš "ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ" ืฉืœ ื“ืืจืŸ ืืจื•ื ื•ืคืกืงื™ ืžืจืื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื ื™ื”ื.

ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ:

ืื™ืš ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ืœืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ?

ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื”, ืจื—ื‘ืช ืื•ืคืงื™ื ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•?

ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”:

ื”ื“ื•ืื’ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื—ื ืš ืื ืฉื™ื: 13 ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ืžื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื, ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœื”

ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ:

ื˜ื›ื ื•ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื: ืื™ืš ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืžืช ื•ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืžื™-ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื?

ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืžืช, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืขืœื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื: ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ื‘ื™ื "ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช" ืขืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”. ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ?

ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ:

ืื™ืš ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื’ื–ืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’: ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช

ื’ื–ืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื“ื ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืฉืœื• ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืื™ืš ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื’ื–ืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’