ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”: ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ื•ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื

ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื ื—ืช ื™ืกื•ื“, ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืžื™ืงืกื•ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื•. ื•ืžื›ืืŸ, ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'. ืืžืฆืขื™ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื” ืฉื—ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื™ืขื“ ื ืชื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ. ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื“ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžืจืืฉ ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื (ืงืจื™, ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืงืœืœ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื• ืžืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื). ื ื™ืชืŸ, ืžืชื•ืš ื–ื”, ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื. ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื•ื–ื”ื• ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืฉื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” (ื›ืžื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืชื ืื™ื ื•ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœื” ื ื•ืคืš ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ). ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืžื•ืจื”, ืื ื›ืŸ, ืœืกืคืง ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืขืงื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืฉืืœื” 'ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช'. ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื•, ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช. ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื“ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืžื™ื ื•ืช, ืื—ืจืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืืžื™ื ื”. ื‘ืฉืืœื” 'ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”', ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืื•ืžืจืช ื›ื™ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ (ืืฉืจ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืจื•ื‘, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืžืฉืœ, 61 ื—"ื›ื™ื), ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื›ืš ื™ื—ื•ืœืงื• ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืžื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ื“"ื› ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ืš ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืžืžืฉื™ ื ืขืฉื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข 'ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”' ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”).

ื›ื™ื•ื, ืงื™ื™ื ื–ืจื ื“ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช. ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ื”ื ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ื”ื•ื 'ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช' (ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืคืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช). ื”ืฆื‘ืขืช ื”ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืœืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื”. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืคืจื˜ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข (ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘'ื˜ืงืก' ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'), ืืš ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืจื’ืฉื™ ืื• ื ืคืฉื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช. ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื (ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข) ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”: ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื›ื ื”.

ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื›ื ื”: ืื“ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืœืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืžืฆืข ืฉืœื”.

ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช: ืื“ื ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœื•, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืœืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื—ืกื™ืžื” (ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ื”). ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืžื•ืกื“ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™, ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื›ื ื”. ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืชืžื™ื“ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืจืง ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื›ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืœืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืืœื•.

ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืื™ืชื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช: ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื”ื™ื 'ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืจืžืคื™ืกื˜' (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช), ื•ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”, ื–ื” ื‘ื›"ื“ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืฉืื™ืคื” (ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช) ืฉืœื”ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืœื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื“"ื› ื™ืฉื ื ืžืก' ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื ื™ืข, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืคืืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื, ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืžืชื—ื™ื ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืข"ืž ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ื•ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืื™ืŸ ืœืื“ื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืขืœื™ื•. ืื•ืœื, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ ืžื–ื”ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ (ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ืฉืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ (ืœืžืฉืœ ืข"ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืชื• ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง).

ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช, ืข"ื™ ืื ืชื•ื ื™ ื“ืื•ื ืก (ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”): ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง. ืื ืคื™ืจืžื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืžื ืกื” ืœืฉื•ื•ืง ืžื•ืฆืจ ื•ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืš ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื’ื ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช, ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ืŸ ืœืฉื•ื•ืง ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืข"ืž ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื”ืŸ (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืจืง ืœืฉื ืฆื‘ื™ืจืช ื›ื•ื—). ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœืžืจื›ื–, ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืืฉืจ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœืงื•ื ืฉื ื™ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืชื—ืจื• ืขืœ 'ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื”ื—ืฆื™ื•ื ื™' (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ืชื—ืจื• ืขืœ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™). ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืคื” ืœื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช 96' ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื– ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืจืก ื ื˜ื” ื™ืžื™ื ื” ื•ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื˜ื” ืฉืžืืœื”, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืข"ืž ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• (ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขืžืจื ืžืฆื ืข ืœื ื ื™ืกื” 'ืœืœื›ื•ื“' ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื•ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื ื™ืฆื—).

ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช: ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™, ืืš ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืชื•ืคืก ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•: ื”ืื“ื ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœ ื”ื•ื, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื-ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ (ืืš ืœื ืื™-ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™), ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ื™ ืœืื“ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืกื“ืจ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื• ืขืฆืžื•. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืฉื—ืจ, ืืš ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื•ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื–ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืžืคื™ืจื™ื™ื. ืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ื–ื• ืžืฆื˜ืจืคืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆื’ื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืข"ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื›ื”ื ืžืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื›ืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื, ืืš ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืชื•ืืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื“ื ืฉื‘ืื•ืคื™ื• ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืžืœืงื™ื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ืœื”ืžืจ (ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ), ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืคืกื™ื“ (ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช). ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืืช ืื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืข"ื— ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื (ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื”ื™ื ื” ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืชืžื™ื“). "ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ืืจื• (arrow)": ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžืฆืจืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื (=ื”ื›ืœืœ). ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ืขื“ืคื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืงืฉื” ืœืกื›ื•ื ืืช ื”ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื“ืคื” ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ืื ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืคืจื˜ ืœืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื›ืœืœ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืืš ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืื– ื’ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืขื“ืคืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืขื“ืคื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื ื“ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•. ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื“ื™ืื’ื ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืืœื ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืื•ืชื”. ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื™ื’ืจ ืงื ื“ื™ ืžืกืจ ืžืื™ื™ื ืœื—ืจื•ืฉืฆ'ื•ื‘ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื”"ื‘, ื•ื—ืจื•ืฉืฆ'ื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืžื‘ืจืง ื‘ืขืœ ืžืกืจ ืขืžื•ื: ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ื•ื (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉืจื•ืกื™ื” ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื) ืื• ื‘ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืจื•ืกื™ืช (ืฉืชื›ืœื™ืชื” ืœื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘'ืื’ื•' ื”ืจื•ืกื™). ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืข"ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื ื›ื ืขืช, ื•ื›ืš ื ืžื ืขื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืื™-ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘, ืืš ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.

ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืชื™ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื•ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืœื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช (ืฉืžื•ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจื’ืข), ืืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื•ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื—.

ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื โ€“

ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื, ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.

ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช" ื ื—ืœืง ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื:

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช = ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช "ืžื” ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”", ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื = ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืฉืืœื” "ืื™ืš ื ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื”" (ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื”ื™ ื•ืื™ืš ื ืงื‘ืขื”). ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ "ื”ืื“ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™" (ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ืฉืžื ื—ื” ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ืจื•ื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™ โ€“ ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ืื—ืจ – ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื•ื›ื•').

ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ื’'ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ, ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืžืžื•ืฆื ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื’ืจ ืœืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ื•ืขืกืง ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคืจื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”. ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื•, ื‘-44' ,ืคืจืกื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ืื•ืกืงืจ ืžื•ืจื’ื ืกื˜ืจืŸ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื "ืš ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื "ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช".

ืžื˜ืจืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœืžื“ืข ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืก' ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื (ืคื•ืงืจ, ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื•) ื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืข"ื™ ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื”ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื. ื”ื ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ (ืฉื›ืœ ืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœื ืฆื—) ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™.

ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘: ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื: ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ื™ืขืœื” ื”ืฆืขื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื•ืจืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืจืืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืจืจ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืฆืขื” ืื—ืช ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื” (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืœื ืคืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•"ืž). ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื• ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื›ืš ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉืืคื• ืœื ืกื— ื”ืฆืขื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื’ื ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืข"ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืจืจ.

ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช: ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื. ืœืžืฉืœ โ€“ ืื™ืงืก ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ, ืฉื—-ืžื˜. ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืงื™ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘.

ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืื™-ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช: ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื. ืœืžืฉืœ ืคื•ืงืจ.

ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื›ื•ื 0

ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžื ื•ืชื— ืข"ื™ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื. ืืœื• ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ 2 ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื™ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืื—ื“ ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื”ืคืกื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ืœื”ืคืš. ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื (ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื):

ืžื™ื ื™ืžืงืก: ื’'ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข ืฉื™ืงืจื”, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืกื•ืœื™ื“ื™ืช), ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช.

ืžืงืกื™ืžืงืก: ื™ืฉ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™, ื™ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช (ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื” ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืืš ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ).

ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื• ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื˜ืขื ืœืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื. ืชืคื™ืกืช ื” MAD ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืœืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช "ืื•ืžืจืช" ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ื›ื™ ืื ื”ื™ื ืชื˜ื™ืœ ืคืฆืฆืช ืื˜ื•ื, ื”ื™ื ืชื˜ื™ืœ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื•ื›ืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื™ืคืกื™ื“ื• (ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžืื–ืŸ ืื™ืžื”).

ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืื™ื ื• ืกื›ื•ื 0, ื”ื™ื ื• ื“ื™ืœืžื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช (ื“ื™ืœืžืช ื”ืืกื™ืจ)

ืžืงืจื” ื”ืืกื™ืจ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉื ื™ื”ื.

ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื“ื™ืœืžืช ื”ืืกื™ืจ:

ื.ย ย ย ย ย  ื›ืคื™ื™ื”: ื”ื•ื‘ืก ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช (ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœืžืฉืœ). ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืคื” ื›ื™ ืœื ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื›ืš ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื (ื•ืื– ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช).

ื‘.ย ย ย ย ย  ย ืกื•ืœื™ื“ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช: ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืงื ื˜ ืืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื•ื›ื”ื›ืœืœื” โ€“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื•ื›ืš, ืื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื” ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื• ืขืจื™ืงื•ืช – ืื ื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืกื•ืœื™ื“ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื”ืื“ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื™ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžืกื•ืœื™ื“ืจื™ื•ืช ื–ื•, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืš ื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ย ย ย ย  ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืขืจื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืœืžื” ืžืก' ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืขืžื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื™ืฉืชื›ื ืขื• ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืœื™ื“ืจื™. ืื‘ืœ, ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื’ืจืกื™ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข 100 ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง, ืœื›ืœ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืขืจื•ืง ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ (ืื– ื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”), ืข"ืž ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœื•. ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื™ืฉืืฃ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืขืจื™ืงื”, ื•ื›ืš, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืชื”ื™ื” ืจื’ืจืกื™ื” ืฉืชืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืชืžื ืข ืืช ื”ืกื•ืœื™ื“ืจื™ื•ืช.

ื’.ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  "ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ื“ื”". ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืืงืกืœืจื•ื“ (ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื™ืฉื™ื’ืŸ) ืคื ื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ื•' ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืžืฆืื• ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ืืกื™ืจ. ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉื ืฉืœื— ืข"ื™ ืื™ืฉ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื” "ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ื“ื”": ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜, ืœืขืจื•ืง ืื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ). ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืกื•ืœื™ื“ืจื™ื•ืช, ื’ื ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืกื•ืœื™ื“ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืชื™ื•ืฉื ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช.

ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ: 11 ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืื ืœื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืคื™ื? ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืช

ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื? ืขืœ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช

ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืื’ืœื•ื ื“ ืžืฆื™ืข ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืืžื•ื ื”, ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ื—ืจืฃ ืงื™ื•ืžื”

ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืืจื™ืš ืคืจื•ื

ื”ืื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืกื•ืง ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™? ืœืคื™ ืืจื™ืš ืคืจื•ื, ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืœื ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ืžื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื“ืจืš ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื

ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ:

ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”:

ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ:

ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื“ืข ืœืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ืช ื•ืœืžื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ืคืชื•ื—?

ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื“ืข ืคื•ืœ ืคื™ื™ืจืื‘ื ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืžื“ืข ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช

ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ:

ืžื”ื™ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช

ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ืขืช ืžืชื’ืžื•ืœื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช