ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช – ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืงื•ืจืก

ืžื‘ื•ื

ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžื•ืจืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื:

ืžื•ื“ืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื\ ืžื•ืจืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช (item and arrangement) โ€“ ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืช. ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™. ื”ืžื•ืจืคืžื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื•ื ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”, ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข.

ืžื•ื“ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื\ ืžื•ืจืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš (item and process) โ€“ ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœืช ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš โ€“ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืขื•ืžืง ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืฉื˜ื—.

ืžื•ื“ืœ ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื\ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” (word and paradigm) โ€“ื”ืžื™ืœื” (ื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืจืคืžื”) ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื ื•ืชื—ืช ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” โ€“ ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื”. ืื”ื‘ืช, ืื•ื”ื‘, ืื”ื•ื‘, ืื”ื‘ืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืื•ืชื” ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ืขื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืกืคืจ, ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืžื™ืŸ.

ืœืกื›ื ืžื™ืœื” ืžืกื•ืžื ืช ืœื ืžืกื•ืžื ืช

ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“

ืžื•ืจืคืžื” โ€“ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ. ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ื• ("ืžื•ืจืคืžืช cranberry), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืข ื‘ืœื•ืžืคื™ืœื“: "ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ืช-ืกืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืฉื•ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช". ืœืžื•ืจืคืžื” ืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื โ€“ ืฆื“ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืฆื“ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.

ืžื•ืจืคืžื” ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช โ€“ ืœืงืกืžื”. ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืจืคืจื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช.

ืžื•ืจืคืžื” ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ืช โ€“ ื ื•ืฉืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ื™ื. ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘+ .

ืžื•ืจืคืžื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช: ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœื‘ื“ (ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจ, ื’ืŸ, ืžืงืœ…)

ืžื•ืจืคืžื” ื›ื‘ื•ืœื”: ื‘ืื” ืจืง ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืœืžื•ืจืคืžื” ืื—ืจืช (+ื™ื, +ื•ืŸ…)

ืืœื˜ืจื ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจืคื•-ืคื•ื ืžื™ื•ืช

ืืœื•ืžื•ืจืฃ โ€“ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืคืžื”.

ื”ืชื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•ืžื•ืจืคื™ื โ€“ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืื• ื”ืžื•ืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืจืคืžื”.

ื‘ืกื™ืก โ€“ ื”ืžื•ืจืคืžื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืžืžื ื” ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืื• ื ื•ื˜ื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” (ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ โ€“ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ)

ื ื˜ืข – ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื”. (ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ โ€“ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช+)

ื’ื–ื™ืจ – ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ื˜ืข ืฉื ื’ื–ืจ ืžื”ื‘ืกื™ืก (ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ – ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื +)

3- ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช

ืœืคื™ ื’ื•ืฉืŸ: ืฉืชื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžื•ืจืคืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช (ืžืงืจืื™ืช) โ€“ ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™-ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช.

-ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจืคืžื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื•ืช.

-ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจืคืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื•ืช ืืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืžื•ืจืคืžื” ืื—ืจืช.

ืžื•ืจืคืžื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช

ืฉื•ืจืฉ โ€“ ืจืฆืฃ ืขื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื

ืžืฉืงืœ– ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื›ืคืœ ื•ืžื•ืกืคื™ื•ืช.

ืžื•ืจืคืžื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช

ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช ืื• ื›ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.

-ืžื•ืจืคืžื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื” (ืžื•ืจืคืžื•ืช ื›ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื”) ืื• ื‘ืœืชื™-ื—ื‘ื™ืจื”. (ืžื•ืจืคืžื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช โ€“ ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื•ืชื‘ื ื™ืช, ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื”)

ืžื•ืจืคืžื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช

ื.ย ย ย ย ย  ืฉืžื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืจืงืŸ ืœืžื•ืจืคืžื•ืช. ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžื•ืจืคืžื•ืช ื›ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช (ืžื™ืŸ, ืžืกืคืจ ื•ื›ื•'). ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ ื”ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช (ื™ื“, ื™ื•ื…) ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื•ืช.

ื‘.ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ. ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžื•ื ื™ื (ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ืืจื‘ืขื”, ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื…) ื”ื ืžื•ืจืคืžื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช, ืืš ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืกื•ื“ืจื™ื (ืฉื ื™, ืฉืœื™ืฉื™…) ื”ื ืฉื•ืจืฉ+ืชื‘ื ื™ืช).

ื’.ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื ืžืฆืจืคื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ืžื•ืจืคืžื•ืช ื›ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ืืš ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื•ื›ื•'.

ื“.ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืชื•ืืจื™ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืจืฃ ืืœื™ื”ื ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ (ืื™ืŸ- ืื™ื ื ื™, ืขื•ื“ โ€“ืขื•ื“ื ื•…)

ืžื•ืจืคืžื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™-ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช

ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื•ืจืคืžื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช (ืœืžืขื˜ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืงืจื™ืื”) ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฆืจืฃ ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ืก ื•ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ.

ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช.

ื.ย ย ย ย ย  ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. (ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืกื™ื•ืžื•ืช โ€“ ืจื•ืช-ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช ืชื™ืื•ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ืœื—ืžื™ื)

ื‘.ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืคืจื•ื“ื™ื. (ืื ื™, ืืชื”, ืืช… ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืจืžื–: ื”ื”ื•ื, ื”ื–ื”…, ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืฉืืœื”: ืžื™, ืื™ื–ื”…)

ื’.ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืชื•ืืจื™ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืื™ื ื ื ื™ื˜ื™ื (ื”ืจื•ื‘ โ€“ ืื–, ืื•ืœื™, ืื—ืจ ื›ืš…

ื“.ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืงืจื™ืื”

ืžื•ืจืคืžื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช ื›ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช

ืœืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื•ื ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ ืขืฆืžืื™ ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ ืจื‘.

ื.ย ย ย ย ย  ืžื•ืกืคื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื•ืช. ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืžื•ืจืคืžื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืฆื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจ(ื”ืช- ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคืขืœ, -ืชื™, -ื ื•, -ืชื…)

ื‘.ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืžื•ืกืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื ื™ื•ืช. ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืžื•ืจืคืžื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ืกื™ื•ืžื•ืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื ืงื‘ื” ื•ืจื‘ื™ื (ื•ื–ื•ื’ื™), +ื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžื’ืžื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืžื”) ื•ืกื™ื•ืžื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ืจื”: +ื•ืช, +ื•ืŸ, +ื™ืช ื•ื›ื•'.

ื’.ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ื’ื ืœื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืฉืžื ื™ื™ื, ื’ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืœ"ืชื—ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ืก". +ืš, +ื ื•, +ื ื™ (ืชืœืžื™ื“ืชืš, ืืจืื ื•, ืื™ื ื ื™)

ื“.ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ื“ื•ืข. ืจืืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืžื ื™ ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.

ื”.ย ย ย ย ย  ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืก. ืžืฆื˜ืจืคืช ืœื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืฉืžื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื‘-, ืœ-, ื›- ืž-. (ื‘ืฉื ืื• ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ: ืœืš, ื›ืžื•ื ื•, ืœืคื ื™ื”).

ื•.ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจื™ื•ืช. ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกืคื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืืฉืจ, ื›ื™, ื”- (ืœืฉืืœื”)…

ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœื—ืœืงื™ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ

ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืก: ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื. ืขืœ, ืืœ, ื‘ืชื•ืš, ืฉืœ, ืœื™ื“, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™

ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ: ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ืžืฉืคื˜. ืื‘ืœ, ืœื›ืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉ-, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ

ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ:

ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ:

ืฉื ืžืกืคืจ

ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืงืจื™ืื”:

ืฉื ืขืฆื:

ืฉื-ืชื•ืืจ:

ืคื•ืขืœ:

ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ื”

ืคื•ืขืœ (10. ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช-7)

ื’ื•ืฃ, ืžื™ืŸ, ืžืกืคืจ, ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืงื•ืจ, ืžื•ื“ื•ืก (ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™), ืืกืคืงื˜*, ืžืขืžื“ ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™*, ืฉื ืคืขื•ืœื”*, ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™. (ื’ืžืž ื–ืžืž ืืžืฉื‘)

ืžืงื•ืจ- ืœื›ืชื•ื‘, ืœื ื’ืŸ

ืืกืคืงื˜ – ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” (ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช, ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื•ื›ื•')

ืฉื (6. ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช-5)

ืžื™ืŸ, ืžืกืคืจ, ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช, ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช, ื™ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื™ื—ืกื”*

ืฉืžื•ืช ืชื•ืืจ (4. ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช 2.5)

ืžื™ืŸ, ืžืกืคืจ, ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช (ืžืฉืœื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื”), ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคืœื’ื”*

ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื”

ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืงื•ื•ื™ืช, ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืžืกื•ืจื’ืช, ืงื•ื•ื™ืช ื•ื’ื•ืœืžื™ืช.

ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ืข"ื™ ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช (ืœืžืขื˜ ืขืชื™ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื•ื”), ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืขื ื”ื›ืœ (ืชื—ื™ืœื™ื•ืช, ืชื•ื›ื™ื•ืช, ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช)

ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืจืง ืขื ืžื•ืจืคืžื•ืช ื›ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื’ื ืขื ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช.

ืฆื•ืจื ื™ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื, ืฆื•ืจื ื™ ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื.

ื‘ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ื—ื“ ืขืจื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ื‘ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืœื.

ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืกื“ื™ืจื”. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื”, ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืœื.

ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืช, ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื.

ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืชื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ (ื”ืชืื), ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืœื.

ืžื•ืกืคื™ืช ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”: ืžืœืจืข (ื’ื™ื“ืœื”)

-ืžื•ืกืคื™ืช ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืจ: ืžืœืขื™ืœ (ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื)

ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื•ืช

ื”ื’ืื™ื ื–ืจื™ื

-ืฆืจื•ืจ 3 ืขื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื• 2 ืขื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ืœื”

-ื‘ื›"ืค ืฉืœื ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื.

-ื˜ืขื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืข

-ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืกื“ื™ืจื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.

ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื

ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื•ืจืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคื”. ื”ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš. ืœืžืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืคื™ืช โ€“im.

ื—ื•ืง ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ โ€“ ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื›ืœืœื™. ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ืชืช-ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช. ื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคืขืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื”"ืค ืฉื•ืจืงืช ื—ืœ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื.

ืกื•ืคืœืฆื™ื” โ€“ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื ืกื“ื™ืจื” ื•ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื\ืœืงืกืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก. ื’ืžืœ-ื ืืงื”.

ืžืกื•ืžื ื•ืช – ื”ืžืกื•ืžื ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืกื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ืžื ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืกื“ื™ืจื•ืช

ื ื˜ื™ื™ื”- ืžื•ืจืคืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ, ืžื™ืŸ, ืžืกืคืจ, ื–ืžืŸ, ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'. ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื“ืงื“ื•ืง. ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ืกื“ื™ืจื”.

ื’ื–ื™ืจื” โ€“ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžื•ืจืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ. ืœื ืกื“ื™ืจื”.

ื”ื‘ืจื”

ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™\ืชื ื™ื™ื ื™

ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื•ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ โ€“

ื.ย ย ย ย ย  ื”ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืžื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืคื”, ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืื•ืชื• ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืคืชื• ืœืฆื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ, ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช, ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ืžื ื•ืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื• ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื. ืืกื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืื• ืžืขืžื“ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืคื” ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœืื ื’ ืื• ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื‘ืขื™ื ืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื.

ื‘.ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื”ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืืช ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืคื” ื•ืžื ื—ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื•. ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ (ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ืช) ื›ื™ ื”ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ืžื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ, ื”ืžื•ืจืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ืกืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืคื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื”ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืงื™ืŸ (ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช) ืื• ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืฉืคื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ (ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ืœืฉื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช). ื‘ื”ืคืฉื˜ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ืœื ื•ืืช ื”ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื‘ืข ืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉืคื”.

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ืžื•ืจืคืžื” โ€“ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ. ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ื›ื‘ื•ืœื”, ื’ื–ื™ืจื”, ื ื˜ื™ื™ื”.

ืืœื˜ืจื ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจืคื•-ืคื•ื ืžื™ื•ืชย  – ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ืื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืžื•ืจืคืžื•ืช.

ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” โ€“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืื• ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื.

ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™: ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื‘ืจื’ืจ ื•ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืคืœื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช

ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื‘ืจื’ืจ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืคืœื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜ื™, ื”ื“ืช ืื™ื ื” ื ืขืœืžืช ืืœื ืžืฉืชื ื”. ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืจืฉ ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•, ืืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.

6 ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”

ืžืชื•ืš ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉื™ืฉื” ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืืช ืžื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”

ื’ืžืจื: ื”ืื ืœืชืช ืฆื“ืงื” ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืชืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืœืงื‘"ื”?

ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื–"ืœ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืœื›ืช ืœืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืขื ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ืŸ ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” "ืืœืžืœื ืžืงืจื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื•ืžืจื•", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ

ืงืจื‘ ื”ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ: ืžื™ ืฉืื ื™ vs. ืžื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช

ืขืœ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉื™ ื•ื”ืื ื™ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืจืฉืช

ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื:

ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ืš: 10 ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ื–ื

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื“ืขื• ืื ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜? ืขืฉืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ ืืฆื‘ืข ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ื–ื

ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช?

ืื– ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื ื™ืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”?

14 ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื‘ืจื˜ื• ืืงื• ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื•

ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืžื‘ืจื˜ื• ืืงื• ืžืฆื™ืข 14 ืกืžืžื ื™ื ืœืžืฉื˜ืจ ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ื’ืจืกืช ื–ืžื ื ื•, ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื