ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืจืœ โ€“ ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1835 ืคืจืกื ืžื™ืฉืœ ืื™ื–'ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจืœ ืืช ืกืคืจื• "ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื" ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืขื•ืœื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืจืœ ื•ืืช ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื. ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืจืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืฉื™ืื• ืฉืœ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืจื ืกื ืก ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื’ืชื”.

ื—ืœืงื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืจืœ ื”ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื. ืฉื‘ืจืœ ื—ื™ืœืง ืืช ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืื• ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“. ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืื• ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืื“ื•ื, ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืฆื”ื•ื‘. ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืื• ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ื›ืš ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืื“ื•ื ื•ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืชื•ื. ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ืจื•ืง ื•ืื™ืœื• ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืื“ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกื’ื•ืœ.

ืืช ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื™ืจื•ืง, ื›ืชื•ื ื•ืกื’ื•ืœ ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ืฉื‘ืจืœ ืืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื. ืฉื‘ืจืœ ืžื™ืงื ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื‘ื: ืฆื”ื•ื‘, ื›ืชื•ื, ืื“ื•ื, ืกื’ื•ืœ, ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ื™ืจื•ืง.

ืคื•ืœ ืงืœื”. ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื.

ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื

ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืจืœ ื”ื•ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื. ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืจืœ ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื•ืกื’ื•ืœ, ื›ืชื•ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืง ื•ืื“ื•ื ื”ื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™.

ืœืื—ืจ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืจืœ ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžืขืฉื™. ืฉื‘ืจืœ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ื™ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉืš ืื ื• ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ื™ืจ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ ืฉืœื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžืฉืœื™ื.

ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืจืœ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš ืžืจื—ื™ืงืช ืœื›ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช, ื•ืืžื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืจืœ ื ืœืžื“ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ืกื“ ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื.

ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช

ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืขืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืชื™ื ืช ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืชืจื•ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™?

ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื ื—ืœืช ื”ื›ืœืœ: ืืœื™ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช

ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืคื•ืจืฆืช ื“ืจืš ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช

"ืื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื›ื™ื..": ื›ื•ื—, ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”

ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ? ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืœืžื“ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื’ืžืจ ืจืข. ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”

ืืคื™ืงื•ืจื•ืก ืขืœ ืœืžื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช

"ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื“ืื™ื’ ืื•ืชืš: ืื ืืชื” ื›ืืŸ โ€“ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื• ื›ืืŸ; ืื ื”ื•ื ื›ืืŸ โ€“ ืืชื” ืื™ื ืš ื›ืืŸ"

ื—ืžืฉ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช

ื—ืžืฉ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื”ื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืื“ื ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’. ื”ืื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืชืœื•ืช ืื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—?

ื”ืœืŸ ืงืœืจ

17 ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœืŸ ืงืœืจ

ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”: ื”ืœืŸ ืงืœืจ

ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื:

ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืงืจ ื”ืืžืช ื ื™ื›ืจืช: 9 ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉ"ื™ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ

ืขืœ ืžื” ื›ืชื‘ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ "ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื” ื•ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ื”ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืื™ื ื ืืœื ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื–ื”"?

ื”ืื ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช?

ื”ืื ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื™ืกืก ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช? ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืœื-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช