ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœืจื“ ื•ืžื™ืœืจ – ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ย ืกื™ื›ื•ื "ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช: ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžื—ืงืจ": ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” 3ย  – ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช:

ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœืจื“ ื•ืžื™ืœืจ

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืกืฃ ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ ื”ืงื•ืจืก "ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช: ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžื—ืงืจ"ย ืชืช ื ื•ืฉื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช

ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœืจื“ ื•ืžื™ืœืจ

ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœืจื“ ื•ืžื™ืœืจ ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื•ืขืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœ ื’ื ื™ื—ื“. ื“ื•ืœืจื“ ื•ืžื™ืœืจ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืชื•ืจืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”. ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ ื›ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื•ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื›ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื”ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื.

ืข"ืค ื“ื•ืœืจื“ ื•ืžื™ืœืจ, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”:

  1. ื“ื—ืฃ โ€“ ืžื•ืœื“/ื ืจื›ืฉ ื”ื›ื— ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ. ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืžื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืคืขื•ืœื”.ย  ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื (ืžื•ืœื“ื™ื) – ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœ. ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื (ื ืœืžื“ื™ื) –ย  ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื ืจื›ืฉื™ื, ื”ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื ื™ืขื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
  2. ืจืžื– โ€“ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื• ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”. ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื“ื—ืฃ (ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”) ื™ืงื‘ืข ืข"ืค ื”ืจืžื–.
  3. ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช (ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”) ื”ื ื ืงื˜ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืžื–.
  4. ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง –ย  ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื•ืœืกื™ืคื•ืงื•. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืชื—ื–ืง ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืžื– ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื”.

ย 

ื—ื™ืงื•ื™/ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืชืœื•ืชื™ืช ืžื•ืชืืžืช – ืกื•ื’ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื‘ืจื•ืช.

ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ืžืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’, ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืจืžื– ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื”. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ืœื•ืžื“ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื.

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉื‘ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ (ืจืžื–) ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ืฆืœืฆื•ืœ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ -> ื”ืจืžืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืจืคืจืช.

ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืชื ืื™ื ื™ืชืงื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง? ืœืคื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื“ ื•ืžื™ืœืจ ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžื•ืชื ื” ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื—ืฃ. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื–ื•, ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื—ืœื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืคื—ืชื” ื‘ื“ื—ืฃ. ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื“ื—ืฃ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ (ื›ืžื• ืจืขื‘, ื›ืื‘) ืื• ืžืžืฉื ื™ (ื—ืจื“ื”, ื‘ื•ืฉื”). ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืชย  ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื—ืฃ, ื”ื•ื ื ืงืœืข ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื”ืžื ื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืคืชื— ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืชื•.

ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช

ื“ื•ืœืจื“ ื•ืžื™ืœืจ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื”ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื. ื”ืจื’ืœ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืงืฉืจ ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืžื– (ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™), ื“ื—ืฃ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช.

 

[ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื”ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื (ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช) ื•ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื”.]

ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช

ืข"ืค ื“ื•ืœืจื“ ื•ืžื™ืœืจ, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉื™ืชื• ื‘ืœื™ื“ื”. ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื. ื›ืžื•: ืจืคืœืงืกื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืœื“ื™ื. ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื›ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื“ื—ืฃ ืžืฉื ื™. ื™ืฉ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืืฃ ื›ื“ื—ืฃ. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ื—ืฃ ืืš ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ืจืžื–.

ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืจืžื– – ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืคืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ืจืžื–ื™ื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื”. ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื›ืจืชื™ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื•ืฉืคื”.

ืœืฉืคื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืชืจื’ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืจืžื–ื™ื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืืฃ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื ืžืข' ืฉืœ ืจืžื–ื™ื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช.

ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™

ื“ื•ืœืจื“ ื•ืžื™ืœืจ ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื.ย  ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ื’ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื” ื•ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื. ืœื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช/ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืฉืœื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื•. ื“ื•ืœืจื“ ื•ืžื™ืœืจ ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื›ื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื‘ื“ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื’ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื›ืจืขืช ืขืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช.

ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืจื™ืขื™ื

ื“ื•ืœืจื“ ื•ืžื™ืœืจ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืขื ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื›ื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื›ืจืขืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸย  ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืœื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”. ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื ื• ื—ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉืจืžืช ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืชืฉืืจ ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ืœื ื™ื™ื, ืœืกืคืง ืืช ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ืœื ืœื‘ื•ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ืชืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคืชื— ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื ืื•ืช.

ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืฆื‘:

  1. ื”ื–ื ื”
  2. ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ
  3. ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื
  4. ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื›ืขืก ื•ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช

ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืžื—ืคืฉ ืคื•ืจืงืŸ ืžื•ืœ ืคื—ื“ ืžืขื•ื ืฉ. ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื’ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“, ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืžืข' ืฉืœ ืชื ืื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ืœื™ืœื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื•.

ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช

ื“ื•ืœืจื“ ื•ืžื™ืœืจ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืขื ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžื•ืกื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืคืจื•ื™ื“. ื”ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืข"ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื:

  1. ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื, ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืžื–ื™ื ืฉื ืœืžื“ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื”.
  2. ืจืžื–ื™ื ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืืš ื”ื•ื“ื—ืงื•.

ื”ื“ื—ืงื”

ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ืœืžื“ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื™ื, ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ืย  ื•ืœื•ืžื“ ื›ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื—ืจื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืชื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื. ื›ืš, ืื™ ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื•ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื“ื—ืงื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ื“ื—ืฃ. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื™ืœื“ ืืฉืจ ื ืขื ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืืช ืื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืคืชื— ืคื—ื“ ืžืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื“ื—ื™ืง ืืช ื›ืขืกื• ื•ืชืกื›ื•ืœื™ื•.

ื”ืชืงื”

ื”ืชืงื” ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื“ืจืš ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœืžื™ื“ื”: ืฉืชื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื—ืคื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื•ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืคื—ื“ ืื• ืืฉืžื”. ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื” ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื›ืœืคื™ื• ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ, ื•ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืžื•ืฉื ื”ื“ื—ืฃ. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื›ืš ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืืœื™ื• ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื ืขืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ืืšย  ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ืื• ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืฉืชืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื ืขืจ ืœื”ืชื™ืง ืืช ืžื•ืฉื ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ื•ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš ืœืื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจ. ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ืชืงื” ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ื•ื ืžืฆืื• ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช.

ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜

ื”ื™ืœื“ ื—ืฉ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœืกืคืง ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื—ื“ ืžืขื•ื ืฉ ืื• ืžืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื. ื”ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.

  • ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช โ€“ ืขืฆืžืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื˜ืจื” ืจืฆื•ื™ื” ื›ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืคื™ืกื™/ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืื•ืชื” ืžื˜ืจื”.
  • ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช โ€“ ืขืฆืžืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™/ืขื•ื ืฉ ื›ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืคื™ืกื™/ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืื•ืชื• ื’ื™ืจื•ื™.
  • ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช – ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื”. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™/ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื•. ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืชืขืฆืžืช ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช/ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.

 

  1. ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช โ€“ ื›ืฉืื“ื ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืืš ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืžื”ืฉื’ืชื”. (ืจื•ื•ืง ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืืš ื›ืฉืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ืžืชืงืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืกืก ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื—ืœื™ืœื”). ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืขื“ ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ืื• ืข"ื™ ืืจื•ืกืชื•.
  2. ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช โ€“ ื›ืฉืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื ื™ื‘ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช. (ื™ืœื“ ื”ืžืคื—ื“ ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ืขืฅ ืืš ื’ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื™ืœืขื’ื• ืœื• ืื ื™ื’ืœื” ืืช ืคื—ื“ื•). ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื›ืš ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช. ื•ืื•ืœื, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื ืกื™ื’ืชื• ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉืฉื• ืžื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกื’ืช ืคืขื ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ื•ืคืขื ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื›ืฉื™ืคืชื•ืจ/ ื™ืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื•ืช.
  3. ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช โ€“ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื ื›ืกืคื•ืช. (ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืœื•ื™). ืข"ืค ืžื™ืœืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื—ืžื•ืจ. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืชืงืจื‘ ืœื™ืขื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ืชืจื—ืง ื•ืชื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืคื” ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ื ืกืชืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”.

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื”

ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื ืœืžื“ื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื“ื—ืคื™ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื–ื ื”, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ื ืฉ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ืžืชืคืชื— ื“ื—ืฃ ืคื—ื“ ื ืจื›ืฉ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžืชื ืกื” ื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช. (ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ื ื›ืขืก ืืš ืคื—ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช). ื“ื•ืœืจื“ ื•ืžื™ืœืจ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื•ืœื ืจืง ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืœืžื•ื“ืข ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข, ื•ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ (ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.).

ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื – ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ืชืงื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื”ืชืงื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื›ืœืœื”. ื›ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื›ืœืœื” ืœื•ืžื“ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ืžื™ืœืจ ืขืจืš ืกื“ืจืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืžืคื™ืจื™ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืชืงื” ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœืœืช ื’ื™ืจื•ื™, ื•ืœืกืคืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ืจ ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื”ืชืงื” ื•ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื”.

ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ื›ื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื. ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ื™ื•ื—ืกื” ืœื”ืชืงื” ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉ ื”ื›ืขืก ื•ื”ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืจืจื• ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื›ืฉืžื ืขื• ืžื”ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ืกืฃ. ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื›ืขืกื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืฆืื• ืคื•ืจืงืŸ ืœืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืชื ื‘ื”ืฉืžืฆืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™).

ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”: ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ื”ื›ืœื™ืœื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืžื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืื—ื“ ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ืื—ืจ. ืžืžืฆืื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืฉืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื”ืชืงื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื›ื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืชื” (ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช).

ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืื•ืกืฃย ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืืชืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื”.

13 ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช

ื”ื™ื ืžื ื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืืš ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื•? ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื (ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื™ื) ืขืœ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช

ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ:

ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”:

12 ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื ื•ืฉืคื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื’ืขื•ืŸ

ืžื™ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื ืชื”ื” ืื™ ืคืขื ื”ืื ืื• ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ืื• ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื™ื•ืช? ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื. 12 ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืคื™ื•ืช, ืฉื’ืขื•ืŸ ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ื”ื.

ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ:

ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ: