ื”ื•ืžื™ืื•ืกื˜ื–ื™ืก ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื – ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช

ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื•ืžื™ืื•ืกื˜ื–ื™ืก ืชืงื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืคืจืชื•

ื”ื’ื“ืจื”: ื”ื•ืžื™ืื•ืกื˜ื–ื™ืก ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืฆืžื•.

ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”:

  • ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื: ืชืื™ื ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื’ื™ืจื•ื™, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
  • ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื: ืชืื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”ื. ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ืžืขื‘ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื”. ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉื•ืœื— ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืœืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื.
  • ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื: ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืื• ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—.

ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื ืืœื• ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืขืœย  ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจืฆื•ื™.

ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื™ืœื™: ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœืงื“ืžื•ืชื. ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืขื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื•.ย  ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื•ืžื™ืื•ืกื˜ื–ื™ืก.

ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™: ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœย  ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื’ื•ืจื ืื—ืจ, ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืงื“ืžื•ืชื. ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”. ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืจื—ื ยฌ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ยฌ ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืจื—ื ยฌ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืขื“ ืœื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง.

ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื’ื‘ื”ื™ื (ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื)

ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื™ื•ืจื“.ย  ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ื ื” ืœืชืื™ื. ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื”ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื. ื’ื ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืžื”.

ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื™ืงืœื•ื, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ืžืจื’ื™ืœ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ืœืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื, ืชืคื•ืงืช ื”ืœื‘ ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืขื•ืžืงื”.ย  ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืœื›ืœื™ื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืชืจื•ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืชืื™ ืžื— ื”ืขืฆื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืื™ ื“ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื. ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ. ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืžืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื—ื–ืจื”, ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืื˜ื•ืช ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืืจื™ืชืจื•ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืŸ.

ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื“ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืžื™ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื–ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•.

ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ

ืงืจืื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื—ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.

ืืฆืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ืžืค' ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืฉืืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืžืค' ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช. ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื˜ืžืค' ื’ื•ืฃ ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืžืค' ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ืื• ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืžืกื›ื ืช ื—ื™ื™ื.

ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื—ื•ื. ืื ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื˜ืžืค' ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื•ืœื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืขื‘ื“ ื—ื•ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื˜ืžืค' ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืฉืืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืฆื‘ ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืฆื‘ ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ื—ื•ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืงืฆื‘ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™.

ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ืงืจืช ื”ื˜ืžืค' ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื•ื—, ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก. ืœืžืจื›ื– ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืชืจืžื•ืจืฆืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื (ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื˜ืžืค') ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.ย  ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืขื“ ืœื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื˜ืžืค' ืœืžืฆื‘ ืชืงื™ืŸ.

ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื˜ืžืค' ื”ื’ื•ืฃ

ื˜ืžืค' ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”

ยฏ

ื“ื ืงืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก

ยฏ ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”…

ืžืข' ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ืชย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื

ยฏย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ยฏ

ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ืย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  1. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื”ื™ืงืคื™ื™ื
ื•ื”ืื˜ื” ื‘ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื ื”ื”ื™ืงืคื™ืช
2. ืกื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉืขืจื•ืช

  1. ืจืขื“ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื™
  • ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืื˜ื” ื‘ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื ื”ื”ื™ืงืคื™ืช ืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื•ืจ.
  • ืกื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืงืœื•ืขื” ืกืžื•ืš ืœืขื•ืจ ื•ื›ืš ืžื•ืคื—ืช ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ื. ื”ืชื›ืจื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืืช ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ื.
  • ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ืจ ืžืชืžืฉืš. ื”ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ื ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืš ื’ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืขืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืฉืœื“ ื•ื”ื—ื•ื ื‘ื•ืจื— ืžื”ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื•ืจ.
  • ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ื ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืžืค' ื”ื’ื•ืฃ

ื˜ืžืค' ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืžื•ืืฆืช

ยฏ

ื“ื ื—ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก

ยฏ ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”…

ืžืข' ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ืชย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื

ยฏย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ยฏ

ื”ืื˜ืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ืย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  1. ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื”ื™ืงืคื™ื™ื
ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื ื”ื”ื™ืงืคื™ืช
2. ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืขื”

ืžื›ืช ื—ื•ื: ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงืจืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื ืงืœื˜ืช ื•ืžื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื ืคืœื˜ืช.ย  ืžืฆื‘ ืžืื“ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื˜ืžืค' ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช.

ื”ื•ืžื™ืื•ืกื˜ื–ื™ืก ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืื–ืŸ ืžื™ื ืชืงื™ืŸ

ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชืงื™ื ื” ื‘ืชืื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืชืงื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ืชืื™ื.

ืœืžื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžืค' ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืข"ื™ ื”ื”ื–ืขื”.

ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืงื•ืœื˜ ืžื™ื ื“ืจืš ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸย  ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืื‘ื“ ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืชืŸ, ื”ื–ืขื”, ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืฆื•ืื”.

ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ. ื‘ืฉืชืŸ ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ืžื™ื.

ืื“ื ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ื›- 1.5 ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืฉืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื. ืื ื”ืื“ื ืฉื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ยฌ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ ืชื’ื“ืœ.

ืื ื”ืื“ื ืฉื•ืชื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ยฌ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ ืชืงื˜ืŸ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืกืš ื‘ืžื™ื.

ื”ื›ืœื™ื” ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืชืŸ.

ืชืื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ADH .

ADH ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ "ืžืขื›ื‘ ื”ืฉืชื ื”" ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื—ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืœืžื™ื, ื”ืกืคื™ื’ื” ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืœื“ื ื’ื“ืœื” ื•ื”ืฉืชืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ืžืจื•ื›ื– ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืคื— ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ-ืชืื™ ื™ื•ืจื“ ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืฉืœ ADH .

ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžื™ื, ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื”- ADH ืคื•ื—ืชืช ื•ื”ืฉืชืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ืžื”ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช: ืฆืžื, ื“ื•ืคืง ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ื—ืœืฉ, ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ…
ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืฆืžื ื ืžืฆื ืกืžื•ืš ืœืชืื™ื ื”ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ADH . ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืจื“, ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืฆืžื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฆืžื.

ื”ื–ืขื”: ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื–ืขื” ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืžื™ื ืชืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ. ื”ื”ื–ืขื” ื–ื”ื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื˜ืžืค' ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื–ื™ืขื” ืื™ื ื” ื ืงื‘ืขืช ืขืค"ื™ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืืœื ืขืค"ื™ ื”ื˜ืžืค' ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.

ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืžืค' ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื–ื™ืขื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช, ื’ื ืื ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.

ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืจืžืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื

ืจืžืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื‘ื“ื ืืฆืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื‘ื“ื ื™ื•ืจื“ ืื• ืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ืจืžื” ื”ืชืงื™ื ื” ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ืœืžืฆื‘ ืชืงื™ืŸ.

ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ืœื‘ ื”ื ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืจืžืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื.

ืœืื—ืจ ืืจื•ื—ื” ยฌ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื‘ื“ื ยฌ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืชืื™ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ยฌ ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื—ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืชืื™ ื›ื‘ื“, ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื•ืฉืจื™ืจ ืœื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ยฌ ืจืžืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื‘ื“ื ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืœืจืžื” ืชืงื™ื ื” ยฌ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ.

  • ืชืื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ืื•ื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื– ื›ื’ืœื™ืงื•ื’ืŸ

ืžืืžืฅ ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ืื• ืฆื•ื ยฌ ืจืžืช ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื‘ื“ื ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ยฌ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืœื”ืคืจืฉืช ื’ืœื•ืงื’ื•ืŸ ยฌ ืชืื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืคืจืง ื’ืœื™ืงื•ื’ืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ยฌ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื‘ื“ื ืœืจืžื” ืชืงื™ื ื” ยฌ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื’ืœื•ืงื’ื•ืŸ

  • ืชืื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืชืื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ.

ืกื›ืจืช: ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื‘ื“ื.

ืกื›ืจืช ืžืกื•ื’ 1: ืกื›ืจืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืคื’ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ. ืกื›ืจืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘.
ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื‘ื“ื ยฌ ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื‘ืฉืชืŸ ยฌ ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉืชืŸ ยฌ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฆืžื.

ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกื›ืจืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื–ืจื™ืงื•ืช ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ.

ืกื›ืจืช ืžืกื•ื’ 2: ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืชืงื™ื ื” ืืš ืชืื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืื™ื ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื. ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ: ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”.

ืžื—ืœื” ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื”ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžื™ืื•ืกื˜ื–ื™ืก

ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื“ืœืงืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืคืœื™ืฉืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžื—ืœื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืื• ืขืœ ื ื–ืงื™ื ืœืจืงืžื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื”, ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช "ื”ืชืจืžื•ืกื˜ื˜" ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื˜ืžืค' ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžื‘ื™ืจื ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช "ื”ืชืจืžื•ืกื˜ื˜" ืœื˜ืžืค' ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื”.

ืืงืžื•ืœ ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืค' ืขืœื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืจืžื•ืกื˜ื˜.

ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช

ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื•ืกื“ื™ืจื” ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ื”ืœื‘. ื”ืžืชืขืžืœ ืžืจื’ื™ืœ ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœืคืขื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™. ื”ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ื’ื“ืœ ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ. (ืœืจืงืข ืจืื•: ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘).

ื ืคื— ืคืขื™ืžื”: ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ืœื‘ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืžื”.

ืชืคื•ืงืช ืœื‘: ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ืœื‘ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื“ืงื”.

{ืชืคื•ืงืช ืœื‘ = ื ืคื— ืคืขื™ืžื” X ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ื“ืงื”}

ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืกืคืง ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชืคื•ืงืช ืœื‘ ืžืชืื™ืžื”.

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืชืคื•ืงืช ื”ืœื‘ ืข"ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ื“ืงื” ืื• ืข"ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื ืคื— ื”ืคืขื™ืžื”.

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืœื‘ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื•ย  ยฌ ืชืคื•ืงืช ื”ืœื‘ ื’ื“ืœื” ยฌ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ ื“ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื ืžื—ื•ืžืฆืŸ. ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืงื“ืžื•ืชื• ื•ืœืชืคื•ืงื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื•.

ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ ืืฆืœ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื—ื–ืง ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืžื” ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ =ื ืคื— ืคืขื™ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืœื• ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ ืœื“ืงื”. ืœื›ืŸ, ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื“ืงื” ืžืืฉืจ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™.

ืชืื™ ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืœื‘ ืื™ื ื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื“ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ ืืœื ื“ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ื›ืœื™ืœื™ื™ื. ื”ืขื•ืจืง ื”ื›ืœื™ืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืžืกืชืขืฃ ืžืื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจืงื™ื, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืื“ ืœื™ืฆื™ืืชื• ืžื—ื“ืจ ืฉืžืืœ.ย  ื”ืขื•ืจืง ื”ื›ืœื™ืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืžืกืชืขืฃ ืœื ื™ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืชืื™ ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืœื‘.

ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจืงื™ื, ื”ืžืกืชื ืคืชื•ื— ื•ื—ื•ืกื ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื•ืจืง ื”ื›ืœื™ืœื™, ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ืขื•ืจืง ื”ื›ืœื™ืœื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืกืคืงืช ื“ื ืจืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื‘. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืœื‘ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืžืื“, ื™ืฉ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื“ื ื”ืกื™ืจื” ืœืœื‘ ืขืฆืžื•.

ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื“ื ืœืœื‘ ื”ื™ื ื—ืกื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ื”ื›ืœื™ืœื™ื™ื = ื˜ืจืฉืช ืขื•ืจืงื™ื.

ื—ืกื™ืžื” ื–ื• ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืจืงื™ื, ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื‘ื—ืกื™ืžื” ื›ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื’ื™ืข ื“ื ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ ยฌ ืื•ื˜ื ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืœื‘.

ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื“ื ื•ืฉืชืŸย  ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ืื•ืกื˜ื–ื™ืก ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ

ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืฉืชืŸ

ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืฉืชืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื:

  • ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ: ืฉืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืกื˜ืจื™ืœื™. ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉืชืŸ ืชืื™ ื“ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื–ื• ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจื ืžื–ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช.
  • ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื•ืช: ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื‘ืฉื™ื ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื ืคืจื•ื ื™ื. ืืฆืœ ืื“ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืชืŸ ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื“ื ืชืื™ ื“ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
  • ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืกื›ืจืช: ืืฆืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื‘ืฉืชืŸ. ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื‘ืฉืชืŸ ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืœืช ืกื›ืจืช.

ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื“ื

ืืฆืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื“ื ื ืฉืžืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.ย  ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื” ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื”.

ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื”.

ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื:

  • ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื‘ื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืžื– ืขืœ ืกื›ืจืช.
  • ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื/ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื•ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื.
  • ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ยฌ ืื ืžื™ื” ืื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืื™ ื“ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื.
  • ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ยฌ ืžื—ืœื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.

ืจืื• ื’ื: ื”ื•ืžื™ืื•ืกื˜ื–ื™ืก ื‘ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื™: ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”ย \ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื

ื”ืื ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช?

ื”ืื ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื™ืกืก ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช? ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืœื-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช

15 ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืื ื•ืฉ ืงื•ืจืฆ'ืืง ืขืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืื™ืš ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื

ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉืื”ื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ืœ, ื™ืื ื•ืฉ ืงื•ืจืฆ'ืืง

ืžื™ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื” ื–ื• ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช? ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉืœ ืคื•ืงื•

ืžื™ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืžื” ืžื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื” ืืกื•ืจ? ื•ืžื™ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื” ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื ืื•ืชื”? ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ืฉืœ ืคื•ืงื• ืฆื•ืœืœ ืขื ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”

10 ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”

ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจ ื”ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื•ืชื ื‘ืœ ื™ืžื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.

16 ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™

ืžื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™? ืื™ืš ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืื• ืื™ืš ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข? ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™

ืžื” ืื•ืžืจ (ื•ืžื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ) ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉื”ืขื ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”?

ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื:

ืžื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืกื“ืจื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?

ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืื ื˜ื™ื’ื•ื ื” ื•ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ื‘ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก?

ืžื”ื• ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืฉื™ื–ื?

ื›ื•ืœื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฉืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืชืŸ, ืืš ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™, ืื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ืจื™ ื•ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™?

6 ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืชื›ื ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”

ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืฉืžืœืฉื™ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื ื•ืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืžืชื’ืœื’ืœืช ืœืœื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”…