ื–ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช – ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื–ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก:

ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

  • ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื: ื”ืจืฆืœ, ืžืงืก ื ื•ืจื“ืื•, ืชืคื™ืกืช ืžืจื›ื– ืื™ืจื•ืคื” (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”). (ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืืžืฆืข)
  • ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™: ืื ืฉื™ "ื—ื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ" ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืจืฆืœ, ืืš ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื•. ืจื•ื‘ื ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. (ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื, ืœื™ืœื ื‘ืœื•ื, ืœื•ื™ื ืกืงื™). ืจื’ืฉื™ ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื.
  • ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช: ื–ืจื ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ืขื ื”ืจืฆืœ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืคืชื— ืœื ืง' ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช. ืจื™ื™ื ืก.

ื”ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื: ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”.

ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืœ:

  • ื›ืœืœื™: ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช. ืœื”ืชืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
  • ื”ื“ืช: ื”ื“ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ื•ืชืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ. ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื. ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืœ: ืžื“ื™ื ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช.

ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื–ืจืžื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ืจืงืข: ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื”

  • ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”19: ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
  • ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช: ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื›ืกื™ื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืœื ื”ื•ื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœื”ืจืฆืœ.
  • ื”ืคืจืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช (ืœื™ืžื™ื โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืชืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื‘1901):

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ื— ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื.

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืืœื—ื ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืœื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ "ืžืกืข ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืช ืœืืœืฃ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ (ืฉื ืช 2040)" ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช (ื“ืชื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื™ืœื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”, ืชืžืš ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ: ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ืขื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื. ื”ืกืคืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื–ื•ื’ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืฉื ื•ืกืข ืœืคืจื™ื– ื“ืจืš ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘2040. ื™ืฉ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ืข"ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ? ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืช (ืœื ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื”ืจืฆืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช), ืชื—ื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช => ื‘ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื, ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื›ื“' (ืœื ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื”ืจืฆืœ), ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื›ื“', ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืžืฉืœื‘ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื“ืขื™ื ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ: ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื "ื›ื™ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™. ย ืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืืฆืœ ืœื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื•ื™ืฉ ืืฆืœ ื”ืจืฆืœ? ื‘ื™ืช ืžืงื“ืฉ => ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™.

  • ื”ืจืฆืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื• ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœื•: ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื”. ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืคืจื˜.
  • ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช: ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœืžื”, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื™ื•ืก ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืขืจ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ื“' => ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืœ. ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื›ืš: ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ื’ื•ืฃ ืจื‘ื ื™ ืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืจืฆืœ ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื–ื”.
  • ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื›ืกื™ื”.
  • ยทย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช – 1901 ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”-5: ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™. ื”ืคืจืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืงืžื” ื•ื“ื—ืคื” ืœื”ื›ื ืกืช ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-40 ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ื•ืฆื‘ืจื• ืชืื•ืฆื”. ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ, ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืฆืžืŸ ื•ื›ื•'. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืื—ืจื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื” ื”ืคืจืงืฆื™ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื”, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื›ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื” ืงืžื• ื”"ืžื–ืจื—ื™".
  • ยทย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ: ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื ืคืœื™ ื”ืจืฅ ืื™ืžื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืฉืœ 1904 ื‘ื• ื ืคืœื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืื•ื’ื ื“ื” => ืื—ืจื™ ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืชื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ (ื ืชืคืก ื›ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ): ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืœื ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœืืจืฅ ืคืจื˜ื™ืงื•ืœืืจื™ืช (ืžื” ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืื™ืคื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš)

ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจ: ืขืœ ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื’ืจืื•ืฆ'ื• ืžืจืงืก

ืื™ืš ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•? ืขืœ ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื’ืจืื•ืฆ'ื• ืžืจืงืก

ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืง ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”

ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื‘ื™ ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื–ื ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืง, ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื.

ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉื‘ ื›ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื›ืงืฉื‘

ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ืชืคื™ืœื” ืื ืœื ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ืงืฉื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืจื—ื•ืงื”, ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืžืœืื” ื•ื ืฆื—ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ, ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ื’ื ื‘ื–ื• ื”ืขืžื•ืงื”, ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช?

ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ:

ืื™ืš ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ืœืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ?

ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื”, ืจื—ื‘ืช ืื•ืคืงื™ื ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•?

ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”:

ืœื—ืœื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ: 19 ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ืฉืžืชื

ืื•ืกืฃ ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืื™ืš ืžื’ืฉื™ืžื™ื ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื” ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.

ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ:

ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ:

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช: ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืื•ืฉืจ

ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ืžืฉ, ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืื•ืฉืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื