ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” – ืกื™ื›ื•ื: ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื™ื•ื

ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื™ื•ื David Hume

ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื™ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื‘ื™ ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™. ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ought โ€“ ืฆืจื™ืš\ืจืื•ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ is โ€“ ืžืฆื•ื™\ืงื™ื™ื . ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื•ื’ื“.ย  ืืชื™ืงื”, ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื”, ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื”, ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื•ื’ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœื is ย ืืœ ought . ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก ื ืœื—ื 36 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืœืœื ื”ืคื•ื’ื”. ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืื ื• ืจืง ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ืจืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก, ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘. ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืœื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช. ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชื™ืื•ืจ ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืกืžื•ื™. ื™ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ืœืจืื•ื™. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจืื•ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื—ื“ืฉ. ื–ื” ืฉื ื“ืœืง ืื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื ื‘ืจืžื–ื•ืจ ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”, ื”ืขืฆื™ืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ืื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื ืœื ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืขืฆื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื ืืœื ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ื—ื” ืกืžื•ื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืง ืฉืื•ืจ ืื“ื• ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ. ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ืœืจืื•ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ืื• ื”ื ื—ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืื•ื™. ืžืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ ืœื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืจื›ื™. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื: ื”ืฉื–ื™ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืง ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื–ื™ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ืื•ืจ ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืขื ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื• ืœื ืืช ื”ืฉื–ื™ืฃ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืชื™ืงื•ืชื• , ื™ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ืฆื‘ืข, ื”ืจื•ืš, ื”ืžืจืงื ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ.

ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื™ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื”- ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืง, ืœืชืช ื ื“ื‘ื” ืœืขื ื™. ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืœื ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจ. ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืขืฆืžืŸ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™. ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืืœ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืชื™ ื ืกื•ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื™. ื ื™ื˜ืฉื” ื”ืœืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ื, ื”ืื“ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื ืŸ ืžืขืฆืžื•.

ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืื™ื ืืฆืœ ื™ื•ื, ื–ื• ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•. ื›ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืื™ื. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื”. ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืชื‘ื•ื ื”. ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืื• ืกื•ืœื“ื™ื ืื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื™ื—ืก ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื, ืฉืœื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืจืง ื›ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืื™ื, ืืœื ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ , ื”ืื“ื, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™. "ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘" ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ื›ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื•. ืืœื• ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื“ืจื›ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื™. ืœื ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืื™ื ืืœื ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜.

ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืฆื™ื’ ื“ืจืš ื‘ืฉืคื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ื•ืžืฆื•ื™. ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื–ื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื”, ืฉื”ืฉืคื” ืžื˜ืขื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช. ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืืชื™ืงื”, ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื˜ื•ื‘" "ืžื ื•ื•ืœ" ื•ื›ื•โ€™, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ื•ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™. ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื™ ืฉื™ื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ื—, ื•ื–ื” ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืขื“ ืื– ื ื›ืฉืœื•.

ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื, ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืคื” ืžืขืจื›ื™ื. ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื”ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื›ืื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื” ื•ื’ื‘ืจ. ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื. ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžื“ืข, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื™ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ื™ื—ืก ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื. ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืœื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกื™ื“ ื ื•ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื. ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื ืชืคืกื• ืืฆืœื• ื›ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื•ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœืœื ื‘ืกื™ืก ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ืฆื•ืจืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืืœื ืœื”ืคืš. ืืš ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ืžื“ืข ืฉื”ืชื—ื ืš ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ืฉื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืžืขืจื›ื™ื.

ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” – ืกื™ื›ื•ื


ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื™ื•ึผื (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: David Hume) โ€(7 ื‘ืžืื™ 1711 – 25 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1776) ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืกืงื•ื˜ื™. ืœืฆื“ ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช' ื•ืชื•ืžืืก ืจื™ื“ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืช. ื™ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื• ื•ืœืžื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื•. ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ืฉื ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืกืคืจื• "ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™" ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 26. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื, ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื”, ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื•. ืื•ืœื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื, ื™ื•ื ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื›ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ื’ื“ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืงืื ื˜ ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืž"ืชืจื“ืžืชื• ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื˜ื™ืช" (ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘-1770).

ืžื—ืงืจ: ืœืžื” ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืจืง ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืžื ื•

ื”ืื ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืœื™ื•? ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ืื•ืฉืจ

ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ:

ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”:

ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ:

ืื™ืš ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื”

ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืœื ืžื™ื“ืข ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช. ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืงืฆืจ

ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ: