ื”ืื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช?

ืื ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžื›ื‘ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืจืฉืขื• ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื’ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ืžืื™ื“ืš, ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืง ื›ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”-20 ื•ืจืง ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื”ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื. ืœื ื• ื ื•ืชืจ ืจืง ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื• ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื…

ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘-Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization ื•ื ืขืจืš ื‘-125 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช. ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืœื• ืžืขืœื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืชืื ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื•ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช, ืืš ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืช ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื ื‘ื“ืง, ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื‘ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืฆื ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœื• ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืžืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืจืื• ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื™ื™ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื•ืชื ื”ื›ื•ื— ื ื˜ื” ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช.

ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœ ื‘ืงืœืคื™…

 

ืจืื• ื’ื:

ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช?

5 ื”ื•ื’ื•ืช ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ

ืœืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื? – ื”ืจืฆืืช ื˜ื“

ื”ืื ืžืœื—ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืกื•ืœื™ื“ืจื™ื•ืช? ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—

ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช: ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืฉืกืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ \ ื—ื ื” ื”ืจืฆื•ื’

ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื”ืžื ืฆื—ืช ืœืื•ืฉืจ

ืžื” ืื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืืœืคื™ ืžื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืฉืชืืžืจ ืœื ื• ืžื” ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื•ืฉืจ?

ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืกื•ืจืœ ื•ื›ื•ื—ื• ื”ืืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก

ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช? ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืกื•ืจืœ ืืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” โ€“ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.

ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืคืชื™ื” ื•ืืžืคืชื™ื”?

ื”ืื ื–ื• "ืืžืคืชื™ื”" ืื• "ืกื™ืžืคืชื™ื”" ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ืขื™ื? ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื•ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ืืžืคืชื™ื”, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืืช

ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื: ืขืงื“ืช ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ

ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื‘ืจื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื”ืงืจื™ื‘. ืขืœ ื”ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืงื“ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืขืงื“ืช ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ื•ืขืœ ื’ืจืกืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืจืืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™.

ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื–ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“? ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”

"ืจืง ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœืคื” ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืฉืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ืคื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืœืชื ื•"