ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ – ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื›ืื ื™ืช ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“. ืงื™ื™ื ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ย  ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขืค"ื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื โ€“ ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™.

ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืœื”: ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืฆื’ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืžื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ืœืฉื ื ื•. ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”"ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ืช" ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื ืงื˜ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกืจ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช. ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื”.ย  ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืจืฆืื” ื•ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžื™ืกื•ื“ย  ืœื™ืกื•ื“. ื”ืžืจืฆื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฆืžื•ื“ ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช.

ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™: ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื•ืฆื’ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืžืฉื™ืžืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื ื•ืืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื. ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืœืฉื ื ื• (ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš). ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ืœืžืฉืœ: ืขืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืœืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช, ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื 2ย  ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืื‘ืงื”: ื‘ืจื–ืœ (ืื‘ืงื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”) ื•ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช (ืื‘ืงื” ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื”) โ€“ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืื‘ืงื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื• ืœืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœืงืจื‘ ืžื’ื ื˜ ืืœ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช โ€“ ื•ื›ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืœื” ื›ื™ ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืœืžื’ื ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื‘ื” ื•ื ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช, ื•ื”ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช ื ืฉืืจืช. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช ื•ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืงืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ ืืœ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื”ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื™ื ื• ื ืžืฉืš ืขื•ื“ ืืœ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืกื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื›ื™ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืื™ื ืŸ ืกืš ืฉื ื™ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื• ืืœื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืชย  ืœื• . ื›ืš ืœืžื“ื• ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช. ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืจืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช.

ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™:
ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขื•ืจืจื” ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš- ืคืจื•ืค' ื’'ืจื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื ืจ,1961, ื‘ืžืืžืจื• "ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™" ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื:

  1. ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื™ื“ืข ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
  2. ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื”ื ืขื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืฉืœื• ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืžืขืœื” ืืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื•ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื”ื ืขื”.
  3. ื‘ืขืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœื• ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื ืชื•ื ื” ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืชื. ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื” ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื‘ ืœื•ืžื“ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ื”ื•ย  ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
  4. ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื ืœืžื“ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืขืจืš ืœืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื™ืฆืง ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•. ื›ืš ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœืฉืœื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•.

 

ื‘ืจื•ื ืจ, 1970, ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช:

  • ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื•ืœืชืจื’ื ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœืฉื•ื ื™.
  • ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื›ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช.

ื˜ืขื ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ืœื•ืžื“ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช "ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืกืžื•ื™ื”" ืืฉืจ ืžืกื•ืคืงืช ืœื• ืข"ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช. ื‘ืจื•ื ืจ ืืžื ื ืœื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื–ืืช, ืืš ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ย  ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžืืžืฅ ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืจืืฉ. ืœืคื™ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืขืจืš ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืจื›ืฉ ืœืœื ืžืืžืฅ.
ื“ื™ื•ืื™ ื”ืขืœื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืื™ื ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ, ืืœื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืขื–ืจื” ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื ื˜ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“. ืœืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกืชื•,ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืžืฆื™ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ื ืŸ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืœื”. ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื โ€“ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืขื™ืœื”, ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื”ืฉืขืจื”, ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืงืช ืžืกืงื ื•ืช โ€“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœืžื™ื“ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื’ื ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉืื™ืœืช ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืžืกื•ื‘ืš, ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื•. ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืื™, ื”ื—ืœื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ "ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืชืงื“ื" ื‘ื• ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืื™ืœืช ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืœืืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœืžื™ื“ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช. ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื” ื ืžืกืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื–ื ื™ื—ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืคื•ืชื—ื” ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืœืžื™ื“ืชื• ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“. ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื ื‘ืข ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”: ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืื ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ืœื ืจื›ืฉ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืจืืฉ. ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืฆื‘ืจื ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืจืง ื‘ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื™ืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื "ืœ ืืžื ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืชืŸ ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื” ืืœื ืขื“ื™ ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช: ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื: ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ืœื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ. ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืžืŸ ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืœืžื“ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ื‘ืžื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ื“, ื•ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืœืœื ืฉืœืžื“ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืืช ืœื•ื— ื”ื›ืคืœ โ€“ ืื‘ืœ ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ืœื•ื— ื”ื›ืคืœ ืœื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื›ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื“ืจื›ื•. ื‘ืจื•ื ืจ, 1960, ืคื™ืชื— ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™. ื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืคื” ืฉืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื‘ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื™ืžืฆืื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ืจืง ืœืœืžื“ ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืืœื ื’ื ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื—. ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื ืจืื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืžื“ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื: ืื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื’ื™ืืชื ื•ื”ืคื’ื ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช. ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืื•ื™ืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช, ื’ื ืื ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื›ืœื•ืžื“ ืขืฆืžืื™. ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื™ืฉื ืย  ื›ืืœื” ืฉื”ืจื—ื™ืงื• ืœื›ืช ื•ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืจืง ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืœื™ื”ื ื”ื’ืขื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ืคื—ื•ืชื”.ย  ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช ืืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื•ื”ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช. ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืงืžื” ืชื ื•ืขืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•, ื•ืœื”ืœืŸ ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื”ื:

  1. ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืขื” ืฉืœืคื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืื“ื ืจื•ื›ืฉ "ื‘ืืžืช" ื”ื ืื•ืชื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื ืกื” ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
  2. ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืขื” ืฉืœืคื™ื” ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžืชื’ืœื™ืช ืฉื ืจื›ืฉื” ื‘ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ืจื•ื ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื—ืก ืื•ืชื ืœื›ื•ืœื, ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืขืœ ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ืจืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืœืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืงืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืขื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช.
  3. ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœืคื™ื” ืจืง ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืกื™ืคื•ืง, ื’ื ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืงื‘ืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื ืขื” ืฉื›ืŸ ืขืฆื ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ื’ืžื•ืœ ืจื‘ ืœืœื•ืžื“.

ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืงืฆื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจืฆืฃ ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืืœื”, ื’ื ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžืฉื”ื•ื‘ื”ืจ ื›ื™ ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื›ืจืขื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฆื‘ ืœืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื•ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“.ย  ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืžื™ื”, ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”, ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ืขื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื’ืœื” ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืœืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืื‘ืœ ืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืคื” ื–ืจื” ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™, ืื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืขืœ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ืื ื›ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื“ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™, ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืžื•ื˜ื‘ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืœืžื“ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ืืช.ย  ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ย  ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“. ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื ื–ืงืงื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืœืžื•ื“, ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™.ย  ืœืฉื ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืกืจื• ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืกื™ืจื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืกืงื™ืจื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื™ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™. ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœื• ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง, ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืŸ. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืžืฉืชื›ืœืœืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื• ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืžื•ื›ืœืœืช ื•ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืœืฉื ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื•ืชืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื‘ืœื”. ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืงื ื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื• ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืื•ืชืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ, ื”ืขืœืืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช. ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืชืืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื ืงื˜ืช ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ืื• ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืงื‘ืœื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื‘ื“"ื› ืžื•ื ืข ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืจืฆืฃ ืฉื‘ืงืฆื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•.ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช, ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ื”ืงื‘ืœื”, ืžืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืœื•ืชืŸ ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•. ืื ืขืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“.

 

ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™, ืื•: ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™:

ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืงื‘ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ืช ืžืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ื™ืฉื ื ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืืฉืจ ืžืชืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•, ืžื•ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื•ืืฉืจ ื ืขืจืš ืžืขืงื‘ ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืง ืื—ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืฉืช ืœื›ื™ืชื” ื‘ื” ื ืขืจืš ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™. ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืžื•ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืืฉืจ ื‘ื” ืœื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืœื ืžื•ืงื“ืžืฉืช ืœื” ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘. ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžืกืชืžืŸ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืื•ืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ืขืฆื ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื ืขื” ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื ื”ืžืขืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืขืฆืžื”. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืจืŸ. (ื ื™ืกื•ื™: ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืจืŸ ื ืขืจื›ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื”ื ืชื ืื™ ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ืฉื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ืขืœืชื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื’ื‘ืจื” ืขืฆืžืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืชืจ ืžื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ืขืจื›ื• ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืกื“ืจืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื›ืช ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืคืกืงื” ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืขืœืชื”. ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืขืœืช ืชื ืื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืžืจื›ื– ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื ืืฉืจ ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืชืคื•ืงื”).

 

ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ: ืœืžื™ื“ื” \ย ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš – ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื

ื ื— ืœื ืœื‘ื“: ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช

ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช? ื”ืื ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืžืœืžื“ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืงื“ื•ื ืื• ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•?

ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื•ื”ืื•ืฉืจ

ื”ืื ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืกื‘ืœ ืฉืœื ื•? ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืœ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืžื ื• ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื”

ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ:

ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”:

ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ:

ื—ืžืฉ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื—ืจื˜ื˜ื ื™ื

ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื›ืœืœื™ ืืฆื‘ืข ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื”ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื—ืจื˜ื ื›ืฉืืชื ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื•ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•. ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœื”ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื—ืจื˜ื˜ื ื™ื

ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ:

ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื” ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื›ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•? ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืคืชื— ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช