ืžื™ื•ื–ื” ื•ืžื™ื˜ื•ื–ื” – ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ื”ื’ื“ืจื”: ืžื™ื•ื–ื” ื•ืžื™ื˜ื•ื–ื” ื”ื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชื—ืœืงื•ืช ื”ืชื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื™ื”. ืžื™ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื‘ื“ืœืช ืžืžื™ื˜ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืืฆืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื•ื”ืชื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืื™ื ื• ื–ื”ื” ื‘ื” ืœืชื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ, ื–ืืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžื™ื˜ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืฉื ื™ ืชืื™ื ืขื ื“.ื .ื ื–ื”ื” ืœืชื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™.

ืžื™ื•ื–ื” ื•ืžื™ื˜ื•ื–ื” – ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜

ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื:

ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ืŸ- ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื“ื "ื ื•ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ, ืžืžื ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื.

ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื- ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ืŸ ื“ื—ื•ืก ( ื“.ื .ื. ื•ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ) ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ื ื˜ื™.

ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื- – ืชื•ืืžื™ื- ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื.

ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ื“ื”- ืžื‘ื ื” ื–ืžื ื™ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื›ืคืœ. ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ย  ืฆื ื˜ืจื•ืžืจ

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืŸ- ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ืžืœื•ืคืคืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื“ื "ื ื‘ื ื•ืงืœื•ืื•ื–ื•ื ื‘ืชืื™ื ื”ืื™ืงืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื.

ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื• ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื.

ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื–ื•ื- ื’ื•ืคื™ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื”ืกื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืžืœื•ืคืฃ ื”ื—ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื "ื ื‘ืชืื™ื ืื™ืงืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื.

ืื•ื˜ื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื-ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ. ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืžืžื•ืกืคืจื™ื ืž-1 ืขื“ 22. ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื 1 ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื 22 ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื—ืœื” ืื• ื”ืคืจืขื” ืื•ื˜ื•ื–ื•ืžืœื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ.

ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืชื:

ืชื ืžืชืจื‘ื” ืข"ื™ ื”ื›ืคืœืช ืชื•ื›ื ื• ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืงืชื• ื”ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื. ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ ืชืื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืชื ืžื›ืคื™ืœื” ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื.

ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ ืชืื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืชื.

ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืชื ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื’ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืœืฉื ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืชืื™ื ืฉืžืชื•. ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื›ืš ื ืฉืžืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชืื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืข.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืื™ ื‘ืช ื–ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื—ื•ืœ ื”ื›ืคืœื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ DNA, ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ืกื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืคืœื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืฉื ื™ ืชืื™ ื‘ืช.ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืชืื™ื.

ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชื:

ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืชื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื : M, G1, S ,2G.

M ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื‘ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืชื ืœืฉื ื™ ืชืื™ ื‘ืช. (M = ืžื™ื˜ื•ื–ื”, ืžื™ื•ื–ื”).ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžื™ื˜ื•ื–ื•ืช ื ืงืจืืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืคืื–ื”, ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื.

ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืคืื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช 3 ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช:

  1. 1G – ื”ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืคืื–ื” ื•ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื›ืคืœืช ื”-DNAย  ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ื ืžืจืฆืช.ย ย  (G =Gap/Growthย  )
  2. S – ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืกื™ื ืชื–ืช DNA , ื”ื›ืคืœืช ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ืŸ. (S = ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”).
  3. 2G – ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื• ืžืชืืจื’ืŸ ืžืขืจืš ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”"ืžืื•ืชืช" ืœืชื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื—ืœื•ืงื”. [ืื™ื•ืจ 2]. (G = Gap/Growth).

ืงื™ืžืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืชืื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื:

  1. ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจืง ืืช ืฉืœื‘ S ื•ืฉืœื‘ ย M ืœืœื ืคืจืงื™ ื”-G ื›ืœืœ.
  2. ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืจืขื‘ื” ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืžืฉืšืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ืชืžืฆื‘ ื” DNA
ืžืฉืš: ืงืฆืจืกื ื˜ื–ืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื›ืคื•ืœ , ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื•ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืชืื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื = 2 ืžื•ืœืง' DNA (1 Double Helix)

1 ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ื“ื” ืœื›ืœ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื

ื‘ืื“ื: ืกื”"ื› 46 ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ( = 46 ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ื“ื•ืช)

ื”ืชื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืื™ื“ื™

G1
ืืจื•ืš โ€“ ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื›ืคื•ืœืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ื” DNA

ื” DNA ื‘ืžืฆื‘ relaxed

ื”ื›ืคืœื”: ื›ืจื•' 2 ืžื•ืœืง' DNA -> 4 ืžื•ืœืง' DNA

2 ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื

ื‘ืื“ื: ืกื”"ื› 46 ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ( = 92 ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ื“ื•ืช)

ื”ืชื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืื™ื“ื™

S
ืงืฆืจืกื ื˜ื–ืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืชื – ืžื™ืงืจื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืœื™ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื = 4ืžื•ืœืง' DNA

2 ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื

ื‘ืื“ื: ืกื”"ื› 46 ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ( = 92 ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ื“ื•ืช)

ื”ืชื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืื™ื“ื™

G2
ืงืฆืจื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืชืM

ืจื•ื‘ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืื™ื“ื™ื-> ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ื–ื”->ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื -> 2n

ืชืื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ื”ืคืœื•ืื™ื“ื™ื-> ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื™ื•ื–ื”->ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื -> n

ย 

ืžื™ื˜ื•ื–ื”:

ืฉืœื‘ M ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื: ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ [ืžื™ื˜ื•ื–ื”], ื•ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ืคืœืกืžื” [ืฆื™ื˜ื•ืงื™ื ื–ื™ืก].

ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ืข"ื™ ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื“ ื”ืชื•ืš ืชืื™. ืฉืœื“ ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžืคืจืง, ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืžืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ืกื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื›ืคืœื™ื, ื•ืžื‘ืงืข ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ืคืœืกืžื” ืœืฉื ื™ ืชืื™ ื‘ืช.

ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”-M ื”ื: ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ืŸ ื“ื—ื•ืก, ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆืช.

ืžื™ื˜ื•ื–ื” ื•ืฆื™ื˜ื•ืงื™ื ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื•ืืจืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื“ ื”ืชื•ืš ืชืื™, ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœื‘ M:

ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื“ื• ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™. ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžืžื™ืงืจื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื•ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื. ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ืกื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื›ืคืœื™ื ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื. ืื– ื ื—ืฆื” ื›ืœ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ืกื•ื ืœืฉื ื™ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ืกื•ืžื™ ื‘ืช, ื•ืืœื” ื ื’ืจืจื™ื ืข"ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื.

ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ืกื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ื–ื”.ย  ืžื™ืงืจื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ, ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื—ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ืกื•ืžื™ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ืืœื•.

ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคืจื•ืจืคื–ื”.

ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื“ ื”ืชื•ืš ืชืื™ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื™ื•ื–ื™ืŸ.

ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืชื ื‘ื ื™ืฆื‘ ืœืฆื™ืจ ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ.

ืืช ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜: "ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžืช ืื ื ื˜ืœืคืŸ" ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ (ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜-ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœื›ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ืงื™ื ื–ื™ืก).

ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ื–ื”:

  1. ืคืจื•ืคืื–ื” – ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืžืชืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžืชืขื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”. ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื ืžืฆื ื’ื•ืคื™ืฃ ื–ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืœ/ ืฆื ื˜ืจื•ื–ื•ื. ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืœ ืžื•ื›ืคืœ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื•ื‘ืคืจื•ืคืื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ื™

ื”ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ืœืขื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื.

  1. ืžื˜ืคืื–ื”- ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื
  2. ืื ืคืื–ื” โ€“ ื”ื™ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฉืจืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”. ื”ืฆื ื˜ืจื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ืœืื•ืจืš ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ, ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื. ื›ืœ ืฆื ื˜ืจื•ืžืจ ื’ื•ืจืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื ื ืคืจื“ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืฉืชื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช, ื”ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื.. ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื–ื”ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื•ื˜ื‘.
  3. ื˜ืœื•ืคืื–ื” –ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื ืฉืœื. ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืŸ

ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืงืจื•ื ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ, ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ืคืœื–ืžื” ื”ื–ื•ืจืžืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ืื‘ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื.

  1. ืฆื™ื•ื˜ื•ืงื ื–ื™ืก- ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆืช ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ืคืœื–ืžื” ื ื—ืœืงืช ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืชืื™ ื‘ืช.

ืžื™ื•ื–ื”:

ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืคื—ืชื”. ืฉืชื™ ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืขื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืžื™ื•ื–ื”. ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืคืจื•ืคืื–ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืฉื—ืœื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื. ื‘ืื ืืคืื–ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื›ืœ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื 23 ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื. ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช 23 ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืงื•ื˜ื‘.

ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื™: ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”ย \ ื”ืชื

8 ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ

8 ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื›ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ื—

ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืžื›ืœื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ – ื—ื ื” ืืจื ื“ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช

ืžื” ืขืฉื” ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฅ ืœื—ืœืœ? ื•ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืžื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื?

ืžื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื? ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืจื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ืŸ ื›ืžื˜ืจื“, ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืžืžืœืื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ

ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ืฉืฉื‘ืจื” ืืช ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื”: ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืืก ืงื•ืŸ

ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ – ืœื ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื. ืื™ืš ื’ื™ืœื” (ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ) ืชื•ืžืืก ืงื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื”.

ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืืฆืœ ืื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ืจ

ื”ืื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืื• ืฉืžื ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™? ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ, ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื—ื™ืจื•ืช

ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื:

ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžืชืคื›ื—ืช: ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช

ื”ืื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื”, ืื• ืฉืžื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” "ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื”"?ืื“ื ืคืฉื‘ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืขืœ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ืคืชืจื•ื ื•

ืžื”ื• ื˜ื•ื˜ื ื•ื”ืื ื’ื ืœืš ื™ืฉ ืื—ื“? ืืžื™ืœ ื“ื•ืจืงื”ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืžื™ื–ื

ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ื, ืื•ืชื• ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืื”ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜, ื”ื•ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื•.

ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืื‘ื™ื” ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื’ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช

ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชื ื›"ื™ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื’ื•ื ื”? ืกื™ืคื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื ืืžื ื•ืชืŸ ืืš ืกื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“.