ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”: ื’ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื™ื›ื™ืŸ

ื’ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืืจืขื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 597 ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื—ืœืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ.

ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” (628 โ€“ 597),ย  ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื›ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฉื•ืจ-ื‘ื‘ืœย  ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืจืื• ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืจืฅ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื•ืฉืืคื• ืœืฉืขื‘ื“ื”.ย  ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ 640 โ€“ 609ย  ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื ืฉืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื™ืืฉื™ื”ื•.ย  ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืขืฆื•ืชย ย ย  ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื•ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืืฉืจ ืจืื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื "ืงื ื” ืจืฆื•ืฅ",ย  ื™ืืฉื™ื”ื• ืคืชื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ืคืจืขื” ื ื›ื•, ืืš ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืชื™ื•,ย  ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืœ ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืœื™ื“ ืžื’ื™ื“ื•. ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืฉื˜ื—ย ย  ืžืฆืจื™ ื›ื‘ื•ืฉ. ืคืจืขื” ื ื›ื• ื”ื“ื™ื— ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸย  ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื™ืืฉื™ื”ื• ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœื•ื ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืื—ื–, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืœื™ืš ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ืย  (608 โ€“ 598 ืœืคื ื”"ืก) ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื• ื›ื’ื•ืจื ื ืืžืŸ. ืืš ื‘-605 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืฉืชื ื”, ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ืจืืฆืจ ืžืœืš ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื” ืืช ืคืจืขื” ื ื›ื• ื‘ื›ืจื›ืžื™ืฉ, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื›ืœ ืงื“ืžืช ืืกื™ื” ื•ื"ื™ ื ืคืœื• ืœื™ื“ื™ื•.

ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ 604 โ€“ 601 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”ย  ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ย  ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช, ื”ืื—ืช ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœื‘ื‘ืœ. ื‘-601 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื”ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื”ย  ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ื•ืžืื– ื”ื•ื ื—ื“ืœ ืœืฉืœื ืžืก ืœื‘ื‘ืœ. ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื’ ื›ืš,ย  ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืงื™ืขื•ย  ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื: .."ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื” ืืžืจ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืกื ื“ื•ื“,ย  ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืœื›ืช ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื•ืœืงืจื— ื‘ืœื™ืœื”..".ย  ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ืจืืฆืจย  ืžืœืš ื‘ื‘ืœย  ืขืœื”ย  ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (598 ืœืคื ื”"ืก) ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฆื‘ืย  ืฉื›ืœืœย ย  "ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ ื›ืฉื“ื™ื", "ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืจื", "ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ" ื•"ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ืื‘". ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื•ืฉืžื” ื‘ืžืฆื•ืจ, ื”ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื•ื‘ื ื• ื™ื”ื•ื™ื›ื™ืŸ , ื ืขืจ ื‘ืŸ 18 ืขืœื” ืชื—ืชื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœืžืœื•ืš ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”ย  ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ืืšย  ืžืฉื ื•ื›ื— ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื ืฆื— ืืช ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื, ื”ื•ืย ย  ื ื™ื›ื ืข ื•ื”ืกื’ื™ืจย  ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ืจืืฆืจ.

ย ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘:

ย "…ื•ื™ืฆื ื™ื”ื•ื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืœ ืžืœืš ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื•ืืžื•, ื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื•,ย  ื•ืฉืจื™ื•,ย  ื•ืกืจื™ืกื™ื•, ื•ื™ืงื— ืื•ืชื• ืžืœืš ื‘ื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืœืžื•ืœื›ื•.." (=ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืช 597 ืœืคื ื”"ืก). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ "..ืœืงื— ืืช ื›ืœ ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœืš, ื•ื™ืงืฆื•ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ืฉืœืžื” ืžืœืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”'.ย  ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ืœื” " ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ื,ย  ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ืœ, ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ื’ื•ืœื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืจืฉ ื•ื”ืžืกื’ืจ, ืœื ื ืฉืืจื• ื–ื•ืœืช ื“ืœืชย  ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ..".

ย ืขืœ ืคื™ย  ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื™ื›ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ- 10,000 ื ืคืฉ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ืจืืฉื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื›-40,000 ื ืคืฉ.ย  ื”ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ื”ืฉืจื™ื, ื”ืกืจื™ืกื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ืื™ื”ื, ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ืœ, ื”ื—ืจืฉ ื•ื”ืžืกื’ืจย  ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง. ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืœื™ืย  ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื•ื–ื™.

ย ื›ื ื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžื ืขื” ืืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”ืขืย ย  ื”ื•ืงื™ืจื•, ื›ื™ื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื• ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ืืช ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื›ื ื™ื”ื• (=ื›ื ื™ื”ื•). ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืœื ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ 35 ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืฉืื•ื™ืœ ืžืจื•ื“ืืš ื‘ื ื• ื•ื™ื•ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ืจืืฆืจ, ืฉื—ืจืจื• ืžืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืฉืœื— ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื™.

ืžืชื•ืš: ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” / ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช / ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ, ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื›ื•ืจืฉ ื•ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ

ื“ื•ืจืงื”ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืžืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช

ืื™ืš ื”ืชืจื•ืžืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื“ืจื›ื ืกื•ืœื™ื“ืจื™ื•ืช, ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช?

ืžื—ืงืจ: ืœืžื” ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืจืง ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืžื ื•

ื”ืื ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืœื™ื•? ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ืื•ืฉืจ

ืœืืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ? ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื

ืขืœ ืžืœื›ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ (ืื• ืฉืžื ืจืง ืขื•ืฉืจ?)

"ืฉื™ืจื” ืื—ืจื™ ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื–ื• ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื•ืช": ืื“ื•ืจื ื•, ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืžื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื

ืœืžื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืื•ื“ื•ืจ ืื“ื•ืจื ื• ื›ืฉื›ืชื‘ "ืฉื™ืจื” ืื—ืจื™ ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื–ื• ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื•ืช" ื•ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืฆืžื—ื•ื ื•ืช?

ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื:

ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ืš: 10 ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ื–ื

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื“ืขื• ืื ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜? ืขืฉืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ ืืฆื‘ืข ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ื–ื

ืžื“ื•ืข ืงืจื ืœืขืฆืžื• ืฉ"ื™ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงืจื? ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช, ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื•ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืŸ

ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™.