ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช – ื’ื™ืื•ืจื’ ื–ื™ืžืœ ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ

cityื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1858 ื”ืกืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’-ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื’ื™ืื•ืจื’ ื–ื™ืžืœ ืขืžื“ ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื›- 463,000 ืื™ืฉ. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืช ื–ื™ืžืœ ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ืชื” ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-1,800,000 ืื™ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืฆืคื•ืคื” ื•ืจื•ืขืฉืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ 4,000,000 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืกื— ื–ื™ืžืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ืงืœืืกื™ "ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ" ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื™ื•ืจ ื ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืื—ืช ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืžืœ ื‘"ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ" ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืœืคื™ ื–ื™ืžืœ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื›ืคืจ ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืื™ื˜ื™, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืขื™ืจ ืื ื—ื ื• "ืžื•ืคืฆืฆื™ื" ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื‘ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืžืจืื•ืช, ืจืขืฉื™ื, ืจื™ื—ื•ืช. ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื™ืžืœ, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช "ืœืขื‘ื“" ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื˜ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ืฉืžื•ืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžื•ืชืฉ, ืžืจื•ืงืŸ ื•ื—ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”. ื‘ืœื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื ืคืฉ ืื ื•ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกืœืงืฆื™ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืจืง ืืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ. ื›ืืŸ, ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื™ืžืœ, ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ.

ื’ื™ืื•ืจื’ ื–ื™ืžืœ
ื’ื™ืื•ืจื’ ื–ื™ืžืœ

ืืš ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืžื” ืœื? ืœืื™ื–ื” ืื“ื ืฉื—ื•ืœืฃ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื•ืžืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืœื ืงื™ื™ื? ื–ื™ืžืœ (ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ) ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื—ืกืจืช ืจื’ืฉ ืžื” ืžืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื“ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”: ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืื• ื”ืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืื“ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•, ืืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืžื ื” ืžืฉื”ื•. ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืœื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื™ – ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืคืจื™ืขื” ืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืจ ืœืžื—ื•ื– ื—ืคืฆื™. "ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ืฉืชืชื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื" ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื–ื™ืžืœ "[ื•ืื™ืœื•] ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื›ืืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืขืจืš ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื". ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื™ืžืœ, ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื ืืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•. (ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงืกื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ ื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืžืœ).

ืืš ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ืœื ื ื’ืžืจ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื™ืžืœ, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืื• ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ. ืงืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื—ื•ืคืฉ: ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชืš ื•ืื›ืคืช ืœื”ื ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืžืชื ื”ื’ (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื›ืคืจ). ืื•ืœื, ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื™ืžืœ, ื—ืœื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืื•ืชื ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“, ืื•ืชื ื‘ืืจื™ื, ืื•ืชื ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ื•'. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœื ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื™ืžืœ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืฆื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœื•ื“ื ื›ื™ ืื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ื’ืฉืžื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• (ื•ืจืง ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•): ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื™ืžืœ, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ืจืง ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœืคื” ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืฉืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ืคื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืœืชื ื•". ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ.

ื›ืืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ืย ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืžืจ "ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ" ืžืืช ื’ื™ืื•ืจื’ ื–ื™ืžืœ

ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื–ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“? ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”

ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ:

3 ืชืกืžื•ื ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืš ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™

ืืคืงื˜ ื“ืื•ื ื™ื ื’ ืงืจื•ื’ืจ, ืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืžืชื—ื–ื” ื•ืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ื’ืจืื•ืฆ'ื• ืžืจืงืก – ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื ื•

ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”:

ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ:

ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ:

ืœื”ื›ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ: 15 ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ

ื’ื ืœื”ื›ืฉืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš. ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ ืคืขื ืขืœ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ