ืื•ืกืฃ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื–ืŸ ื™ืคื™ื

ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช (ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ), ื’ื ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ืŸ-ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืœื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ื™ืกื•ื—ื™ื ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืคื•ืœืคืœื™ื. ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ื–ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืืœ ื”ืœื‘ ื•ืืœ ื”ืจืืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืฉื•ื ืžื“ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ.ย ็ฆช-ouyangื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืœืคื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื–ืŸ, ื•ื›ืืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืฆื ื• ื•ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืฅ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื™ืคื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื.

ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื–ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืžืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืš ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืจืง ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ืชืžื™ื“, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื ืช "ืœื—ืœืฅ" ืžื”ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืœื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.

ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื–ืŸ ื”ื ื’ื ื“ืจืš ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืœืœืžื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื“ืจืš ืœืชืช ืขืฆื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืืœื ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืฉืœ. ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจื”, ืžื•ืจื”, ืžื ื”ืœ ื•ืกืชื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื‘ืืžืชื—ืชื• ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื–ืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืื•ืชื• ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืื•ืชื• ืœืขืฆืžื•.

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ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื–ืŸ

ื”ื›ื•ืก ื”ืžืœืื” – ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ืŸ ืขืœ ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื”

ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ – ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื.

ื’ื ื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ – ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื

ืื™ืคื” ืื ื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื™? – ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™

ืœืกื—ื•ื‘ ืื™ืฉื” – ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ื—ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืชื ื•

ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจ – ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืขื™ืžื ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื

ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ "ืื•ืœื™" – ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ

ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคื™ืœ – ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื

ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื™ื – ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื

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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืš ื’ื:

ืœื ื™ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœื ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืขืฆืžื”: ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืื•ืœ ื˜ื™ืœื™ืš

ืคืื•ืœ ื˜ื™ืœื™ืš (1886โ€“1965), ืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื’ืจืžื ื™-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื›"ื™ืกื•ื“

3 ืชืกืžื•ื ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืš ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™

ืืคืงื˜ ื“ืื•ื ื™ื ื’ ืงืจื•ื’ืจ, ืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืžืชื—ื–ื” ื•ืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ื’ืจืื•ืฆ'ื• ืžืจืงืก – ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื ื•

ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจืื” ื•ืžืฉื™ื›ื”: ืจื•ื“ื•ืœื•ืฃ ืื•ื˜ื• ื•ื”ื ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื–ื™

ื•ื“ื•ืœืฃ ืื•ื˜ื• ื—ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื–ื™, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ื™ืจืื” ื•ืžืฉื™ื›ื”, ื›ืชื•ืคืขื” ื—ื•ืฅ-ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื˜ืจื ืกืฆื ื“ื ื˜ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื•ืœืŸ.

ื’'ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื˜ ืขืœ ืœืžื” ืืชื ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื: ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืฆื•ื“ืง ื•ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช

ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืžื—ืคืฉ ืืžืช, ืืœื ืžืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื•. ื’'ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื˜ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื โ€“ ื•ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ืจืช.

ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื:

ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืื‘ื™ื” ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื’ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช

ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชื ื›"ื™ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื’ื•ื ื”? ืกื™ืคื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื ืืžื ื•ืชืŸ ืืš ืกื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“.

ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืจื’ื™ืฉื”: ืœืžื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืข"ืค ืžืจืชื” ื ื•ืกื‘ืื•ื

ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืจืชื” ื ื•ืกื‘ืื•ื ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืขืœ ืœืžื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ