ืžื”ื• ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื – ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ื”ื’ื“ืจื”: ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ืขืœ ืขืžื™ื ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคืขืœืช ื›ื•ื—. ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืืš ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช.

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื

ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœืื“ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื– ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช. ื’ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ื ื•ื’ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืงืžื• ื•ื ืคืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ืคืจืกื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืœื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืืš ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื ื”ืฉืชื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื•ืŸ (356โ€“323 ืœืคื ื”"ืก) ืื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืฉืจ ืืช ื‘ื•ื ื’ื™ืจืกืชื• ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช.

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”-15 ื•ื”-18 ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืฆืจืคืช, ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ื•ืกืคืจื“ ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืื™ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื•ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื. ื”ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข-ืขืฉืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ื— ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืืกื™ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช. ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ืขื“ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื™ืคืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”, ื”ื—ืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื™ืื•-ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ืืคื•ืช ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื•ืœื ืฆืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืืš ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ.

ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™

ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื›ื•ื ื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ "ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”" ื•ืืคื™ืœื• "ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”" ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืจื‘ื”. ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื–ื• ืฉืื™ื ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื›ื•ื— ืคื™ื–ื™ (ืืœื ืœืขืชื™ื ืจืง ืื™ื•ื ื‘ื•) ื ืงืจืืช "ื›ื•ื— ืจืš" ืื• "ื”ื’ืžื•ื ื™ื”" ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื ื•ืชืจื•ืช "ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช". ืื•ืœื ืœื ืจืง ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื’ื ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื’ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืชืคื•ืฆืชื ื•ื›ื•ื—ื ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉื ื” ื’ื ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกื”, ื‘ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ื”ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืื• ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืื• ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช.

ืงืจืื• ื’ื:

11 ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”

ื”ืื ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืชื ื•?

ืขื•ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ืื™ื•ื ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื: 11 ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื

ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื

ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื—ืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช.

ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืžื›ืœื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ – ื—ื ื” ืืจื ื“ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช

ืžื” ืขืฉื” ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฅ ืœื—ืœืœ? ื•ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ:

ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืื• ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”: ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืœืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื

ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืงืฉื”? ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื•ื–ืœ? ื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื™ื pro ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.

ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”:

ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ:

ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ:

ืœืฉื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก, ื”ื ืื” ืื• ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘: ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช

ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืžื—ืœืง ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช – ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื›ื.ืŸ