ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžืืžืจ "ืฉืœื•ื ืžืชื•ืš ืื™ืžื”" ืคื•ืœ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžืืžืจ "ืฉืœื•ื ืžืชื•ืš ืื™ืžื”" ืคื•ืœ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ:

ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืฉืช"ืค ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื”"ืž ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื”"ืข ื” 2 ื ื‘ืข ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ืืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ื•ืœื•ื• ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ืฉื“ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ื ืžืชืžื™ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืจื™ื”"ืž ืžื ื”ืœืช ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืงืจื” ืžื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืžืื•ืง' 1917- "ืžื”ืคื›ืช ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ" ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”.ย  ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืžืง ื—ื“ื™ืจืชื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”ย  ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืชืฉืจื˜ื˜ ื”ืžืคื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืžื” ืฉื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื–ื” ืฉืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื™ืฉ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ โ€“ ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™. ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœืขื•ื“ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื, ื•ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืคื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืฆืžื”.

ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื” ืœืคื™ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸย  ื”ื™ื ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืกื˜ืœื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™- ื‘ืขืฆื ืขื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ื”"ืž.ย  ืื ื‘ืจื™ื”"ืž ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื—ื” ื›ื–ื•- ืฉื•ื ื”ืกื“ืจ ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืืคืฉืจื™. ื”ืฉืืœื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื”"ืž ื”ื™ื ืœื "ื”ืื ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืื‘ืง ื ื’ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™" ืืœื ืžืชื™ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืื‘ืง ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™.

ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืฉื ืฉืงืคื” ืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืชื’ืœืชื” ืœืขื™ืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื˜ื”ืจืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœ (ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘1940-1945), ืจื–ื•ื•ืœื˜ (ื ืฉื™ื ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1932-1945) ื•ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ (ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืจื•ืกื™ื”) ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1943. ื‘ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ื“ื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืืš ื›ื‘ืจ ืื– ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช, ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืจื–ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื” ื•ืžืชื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ.

"ื”ืžืกืžืš ื”ื ื‘ื–ื™" ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืจืฆื™ืœ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืžื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื”. ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœ ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืžืœืชืขื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืคื ื” ืœืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื›ืš, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœ ืœืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื—ืกื ืœืžืฉืš ื“ื•ืจ ืืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.

ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื™ืœื˜ื” ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1945- ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ. ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ ื˜ืจื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”- ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื•ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.ย  ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื™ืจื•ืคื” โ€“ ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ: ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ , ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื•. ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืจืื•ื•ืชื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ: ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืื• ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ืื™ืชื•. ื’ื ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”, ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื ืจื“ืคื• ืžื•ืœ ืื•ื–ืœืช ื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘.

ื”ืžื‘ืจืง ื”ืืจื•ืš- ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื•ืืฃ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื• ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื•. ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื‘ืœื•ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื ืžืชื ื’ืฉืช ืขื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืฉืœื”.

ืกื•ืฃ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืกื™ื•ื ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื›ืฉื•ืžืจืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.ย  ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื”. ืกืžืžื ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื ื” ื™ืฆืื” ืขื ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื. ื›ืขืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ืžื—ืœื™ืคื” ืืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1947 ื˜ืจื•ืžืŸ ื ื•ืื ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืขืชื” ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœื ื“ื•ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืขื–ืจื” ื•ืื– ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืช ื˜ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ืœื™ืคื” ืืช ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืช ืžื•ื ืจื• ืžืฉื ืช 1823.

ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืช ื˜ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ื” ืชืชืžื•ืš ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืขืžื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืข"ื™ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืœื—ืฅ ืžื“ื™ื ื™. ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื ื’ื“ ืชืžื™ื›ืชื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ, ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.

ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืจืฉืœ: ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื‘ืจืืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืžืชื—ืœื•ืื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉืช ื•ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ืฉื—ืชืžื• ืขืœื™ื” 22 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช . ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ- ืืจื”"ื‘ ื ื•ืชื ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœืื•ืชืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉื•ืจืช ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘, ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื–ื“ืงืงื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ . ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืžืฉืชืงืžื•ืช, ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช (ืชืคื™ืกื” ืžืื“ ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช). ืฆื•ืžืฆืžื• ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื”"ื‘. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื”, ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืคืขืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืื•ืชื• ืžืกืš ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืคืข.

ื™ื•ื ื™ 1948 ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ : ืœืืจื”"ื‘ ืœืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ื ืžืžื–ืจื—. ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื”"ืž ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืืจื”"ื‘ ืœื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ืจื™ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืœื• ืžืขื ื”. ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืžืขื ื” โ€“ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” (ืื™ืคื” ืฉืœื ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืจื”"ืž). ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืฆืจืคืช ื•ืืจื”"ื‘ ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื›ืขืก ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื•ืžื ืชืง ืืช ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ืžื—ืฉืžืœ. ื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ- ืœืกืคืง ืกื™ื•ืข ืœื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ื•ืื˜ ืื˜ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืคื™ 3 ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืืกืคืงื” ืœื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ- ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจืืœื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ื”"ืž, ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืžืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื- ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื.

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ: ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช- ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืกื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ. ืืจื”"ื‘ ืžื’ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืœืขื™ืจ ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื ืกื•ื’ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื• ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช.

ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1949 ื‘ืจื™ื”"ืž ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืœื—. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช- ืื‘ื“ ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘. ืžื”ืœืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช "ืžืคืขืœื™ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ" ื‘ื“ืจื•ื… ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืœื›ืื•ืจื”; ื‘ืžื—ืกื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืื˜ื•ื.

ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื”- ื‘ืจื™ื”"ืž ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืœื ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื”. ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืกืชืคืง ืฉืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ืืœื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืคืคื™ื ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”.ย  ื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ื ืฉื™ืื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ. ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืคื—ื“ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื ื’ื“ื• ื›ื™ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื™ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ื• (ื˜ื™ื˜ื•). ืœื›ืŸ ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ืฆื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืคื™ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ.

ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกื™ืŸ- ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืงื™ื“ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”: ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืœืกื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ืื•ืชื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื: ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื” 50-53 ื›ืฉืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื• ื“ื—ืชื” ื‘ 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื”"ืž.

ื–ื” ื”ืจืงืข ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื”: ืžืœื—ืžื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.ย ย  ืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื• ื”ืฉื™ื’ื”:

ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืื•"ืž ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ืขื™ืœ (ื’ื ืื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ). ื˜ืจื•ืžืŸ ื™ื›ืœ ืœื™ื–ื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•"ืž ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžื”ืื•"ืž ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืืกื™ืคื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืื•"ืž ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื "ืœ ื•ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช.

ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื›ืจืฉื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื™ื–ื•ื ื•ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื”. ื˜ืจื•ืžืŸ ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก: ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•"ืž ื•ื–ื”ื•. ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ ืœื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”.

ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื™ืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืŸ ืœืืจื”"ื‘. ื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื”"ื‘ ืื– ืขื›ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื˜ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ: ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ืฅ ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืจ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื•: ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจื™ื”"ืž- ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื”!

ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืขืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื "ืœ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ ื—ืฉื“ื ื•ืช.

ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื ื ืžืืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื’ื‘ืœื” ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื–ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื‘ืจื™ื”"ืž ืœืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ (ืจืง ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื ื•ื›ื•'). ื”ืขื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉื ืื” ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืขืจืš ืžืขืจื‘ื™- ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืžื’ืข ืฉืœื• ืขื ื’ื•ืจื ื–ืจ- ืžืกื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื•. ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ื—ืฉืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืคืงื— ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื”. ืžืฉื˜ืจื• ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืชื ื‘ 53- ื—ื•ื˜ืฃ ืฉื‘ืฅ ื•ืžืช.ย  ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืฅ ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื• 500,000 ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื”"ืž ื›ื” ื’ืจื•ืข- ืืจื”"ื‘ ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ืžืืจื”"ื‘ ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ื™ืคืŸ… ื’ืœ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฉื ืืช ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื“ ืžื›ืฉืคื•ืช. ืฆื™ื“ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขื–ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืืš ืคื’ื™ืขื”: ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ืžืขื˜ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื” (ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจื™ื”"ืž ื ื™ืกืชื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ "ื—ืคืจืคืจื•ืช" ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืœืžืฉืœ).

ืžืงืจืชื™- ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžื•ื ื— "ืžืงืจืชื™ื–ื": ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืžืจืงืชื™ ืœื ืจืื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืชื—ื•ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืืœื ืžืฉื—ืง, ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืงืจืชื™- ืžื•ืจืš ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืงื˜ ื‘ื”ืŸ. ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื™ื‘ื”.

ืžืงืจืชื™ ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื- ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœื•. ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื•- ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฆืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืžื™ืžื™ ืงื“ื ืฉื ืงืจื ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก: ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ื–ื•ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืš ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื—ื“: ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื•ืžืืฉื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืคืจื•-ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืก ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืชื“ืžื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“- ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฆ'ืจืœื™ ืฆ'ืคืœื™ืŸ. ื›ืœ ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืงืจืชื™ ื‘ืื” ืžื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ื˜ืจื•ืžืŸ, ืื™ื™ื–ื ื”ืื•ืืจ- ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงืจืชื™ื–ื: ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืชืกืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”- ืชืกืชื™ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืžืงืจืชื™ื–ื. ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ื ื”ืื•ืืจ ืคืขืœ ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.

1957- ื‘ืจื™ื”"ืž ืžืฉื’ืจืช ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœืœ "ืกืคื•ื˜ื ื™ืง": ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื–ื” ื™ืฆืจ ืจื•ืฉื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื”"ืž ืขืœ ืืจื”"ื‘.ย  ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื”- ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจืฆ'ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ืขื ืืจื”"ื‘. ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช- ื‘ืจื™ื”"ืž ืžืคื’ืจืช ืื—ืจื™ ืืจื”"ื‘ ืžืื“.ย  ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 60 ื‘ืจื™ื”"ืž ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืงื“ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื˜ื ื˜: ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืคืื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื•ืช: ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจื˜ ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ื”ืกืชื ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื” ืœืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื ืžื•ืžืฉื” ื›ื™ ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœื ืงื ืชื” ืืช ืื•ืชื” "ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืคืื”", ื ืฉืืจื” ื“ืจื•ื›ื” ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืื ื ื”.

SALT 1ื•- 2: ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ. 69 ื• 74. ื‘ืจื™ื”"ืž ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื• ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœื ืื™ืฉืจื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื”"ืž ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ.

 

ืžื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืช ื–ืžื ื ื• โ€“ ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื

ื“ื™ืœืžืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ: ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช

ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืง, ื’'ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜ ืžื™ืœ, ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื•ื’'ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืœืก ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื–ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช

ื”ืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืก ืขืœ ืœืžื” ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืื•ืชื• ื ื”ืจ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื ืœื ืคืขื ืื—ืช

ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชืžื“ืช ื•ืขืœ ืœืžื” ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืื•ืชื• ื ื”ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืคืขื ืื—ืช

ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ:

3 ืชืกืžื•ื ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืš ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™

ืืคืงื˜ ื“ืื•ื ื™ื ื’ ืงืจื•ื’ืจ, ืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืžืชื—ื–ื” ื•ืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ื’ืจืื•ืฆ'ื• ืžืจืงืก – ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื ื•

ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”:

ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ:

ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื, ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื

ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื, ื”ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื˜ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ

ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ:

ืื™ืš ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื’ื–ืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’: ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช

ื’ื–ืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื“ื ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืฉืœื• ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืื™ืš ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื’ื–ืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’