ืกื™ื›ื•ื – ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืื™-ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช

ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืื™ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช

ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืœื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื ืืžื ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื. ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ื“ืข ืœืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืื—ืจื™ื.

ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื”- ื”ืคืขืœืช ื›ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื’ืœื•ื™ ืœื ืžืขืŸ. ืžื•ืฉื ื”ืืงื˜ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ ืชื•ืคืก ืื•ืชื” ื›ืคืขื•ืœืช ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ื”ื•ื’ื ืช. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžื ืฆืœืช ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื: ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ืช, ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ.

"ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ื ืš ืคื•ืงื— ืžื›ืœ ื–ื•ืœืชืš" (ืœืจื•ืฉืคื•ืงื•)

"ืืœ ืชืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžืš ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชืš" (ื”ืœืœ ืžืกื›ืช ืื‘ื•ืช)

ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืœืฉืงืจ=ืœื™ืจืŸ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ ืฉืงืจื™ ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืงื™ื™ื

ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉื›ื ืข ื•ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื: ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื•ืžื™ื ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื’ืืจื“ื ืจ– "ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช"

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื™ ื™ืฉืชืคื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืžื•ืคืข.

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืžื“ื™ื•ืžื™ื ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื ืœื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื•ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื›ืงืกื ืื• ืื—ื™ื–ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืกื ืœืžืฉืœ ืื•ืจื™ ื’ืœืจ ืฉืžืชืœื‘ืฉ ื•ืžืชื ื”ื’ ืžื’ื•ืฉื.

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงืœืคื™ื ื›ืคื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืœื— ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื ืงื•ืกืžื™ื/ื ื•ื›ืœื™

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืœื ืœื”ืชืœื‘ืฉ ื›ืžื• ืงื•ืกื

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืฉื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืงื”ืœ.

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™,ื™ื™ืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืœื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื’ืจื ื“ื™ื•ื–ื™ื™ื ืืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืœืื˜.

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืœื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ื›ื›ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืื ื™ ืœื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืคื•ืขืœ.

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื—ื ื• ืื•ืชืš, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช.

ื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืื•ืจืŸ ื–ืจื™ืฃ

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื–ืจื™ืฃ ืคื•ื ื” ืœื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืช ื•ืœืžืฆื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืื“ื ืจื’ื™ืœ. ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ ื•ืžืคืจืกื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื’ื ืื ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื ืžื’ื•ื—ืš- ื›ืžื• ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืกื•ื ืจืข.

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื–ืจื™ืฃ ืžืฉื“ืจ ืืžื•ื ื” ืžื›ืœ ื—ืœืฆื™ื• ืืžื ื ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืงืจ ืืš ืขื™ืงื‘ื™ ืขื ื—ื™ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.

ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืคื•ืจืจ/ ืืคืงื˜ ื‘ืจื ื•ืย  (ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.)

ืืคืงื˜ ื‘ืจื ื•ื– ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกย  ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื’ื ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื

ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ืืช ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช.

ื”ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืชย ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ืย ืืคืงื˜ ื‘ืจื ื•ื (. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื” ื–ื•, ืื“ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื ื›ื•ึนื ื•ึผืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™, ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ื’ื ืื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ื•ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ ื“ื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื. ืืคืงื˜ ืคื•ืจืจ ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ื ื›ื•ื ื™ืย ืคืกื‘ื“ื•-ืžื“ืขื™ืย ื›ืžื•ย ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,ย ื’ืจืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”ย ืื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ื•ืช. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืงื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช- ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืชืคืกื™ืชื. ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช: ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืงืจ ื•ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ืžื•ืคืœื’ 93 ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘.

ืชื•ืคืขื”: ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื

ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืคืขื”:

  1. ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื ื™ื—ื ื• ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
  2. ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืื” ืงืจื”.

ืงืจื™ืื” ืงืจื”

ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื” ื ืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืจืฆื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืื• ื”ืขืชื™ื“. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ืชืงืฉื•ืจ, ื›ืฃ-ื™ื“, ื‘ื“ื•ืœื—, ื˜ืืจื•ืช

ืงืจื™ืื” ืงืจื” ื”ื™ื ื” ืฉื ืœืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืžื’ื™ื“ื™ ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื•ืจื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื , ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืกืชื ื›ืš.

ืงืจื™ืื” ืงืจื” ืื™ื ื” ืจืง ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืคืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื—ื“ ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” "ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื”ื•ืœืžืก" ืœื ืžื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื“ื•ื‘ื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื“ืœื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ื ืœื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘. ืœื”ืœืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ืื” ืงืจื”:

ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืื” ืงืจื”

ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช

1)ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื‘ืจื ื•ื– ย ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืื•ืœื ื ืจืื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื "ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ืžืคื•ืชื—". "ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืงืฉืจ ืœื ืคืชื•ืจ ืขื ื“ืžื•ืช ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ"ย  "ืื•ืชื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืš" (ืืคืงื˜ ืคื•ืจืจ). ื™ืฉื ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืืœื™ืช.

2)ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ืงืฉืช ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื/ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืคื ื•ืจืžื”– ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืงืฉืช ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื”ื™ืคื•ื›ื•. ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื›ืš ืฉื™ื—ืกื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืง ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื . "ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืชื” ืžื•ื—ืฆืŸ ื•ื ื— ืœื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืืš ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื•ืคื ื ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื•ืžืื•ืคืง" ย ื’ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืกื™ืกืžื ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ื–ื“ื”ื” ืื™ืชื ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื” ื–ืืช: "ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช". ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื’ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื•ื ื”ื•ืจื”.

ื”ืชืขืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืงืื

ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืงื•ืจื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืคืงื˜ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ืขืจื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืงืื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ืœืœ ืžื ื—ื” ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืžืœืฆื” ื”ื™ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืขืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืœืœ ื–ื”, ื”ืžื ื•ืกื— ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ย ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืคื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืชื” ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืฉืจ ืžืขืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื (ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื "ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ"/

3)ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื—ื ื•ืคื”- ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื’ื ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืš ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื ื•. ื—ื ื•ืคื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื”. ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื ื•ืื•ื”ื‘. ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžืื™. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืงืœืคื™ื, ืื ื™ ืืงื— ืงืœืฃ ืืงืจืื™ ื•ืื’ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื ื•ืžืชื—ืฉื‘. ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜.

4)ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืงืื•ืคื˜ืฆื™ื”– ืœืคืชื•ืช ืื“ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื”. ืœืชืช ืœื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื™ื™ืก ืื•ืชื•. ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืฉืกื™ืœืง ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื• ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ืœื ืคื ื™ืžื™/ื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื“ื ื—ื ื•ืื•ื”ื‘. ืคืจื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช "ื”ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช"

5)ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช– ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืฉืืชื” ืžื–ื”ื” ื‘ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ืฉืชื’ื™ื“ ืœื• ื•ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืš "ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช".

6)ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื–'ืืง– ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื. ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืฉืจื” ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 40 ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”. ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช ืื•ืœื ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื”. ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืงื ื• ืœืš ืืžื™ื ื•ืช. "ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืชื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืื“ื ื•ืชื’ื™ื“ ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื›ืื‘ื™ ื’ื‘" ืื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืื“ื ื‘ืŸ 16 ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ืคืฉ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•. ืื• ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืฉืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืจ.

7)ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื”ื“ืฉื ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ- ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื• ืืชื” ืชื•ื”ื” ืื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืื ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• ื”ืคืจื˜ ื ืคืชื— ืœืงื•ืจื ื•ืžืฉืชื›ื ืข ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช.

ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื• ืืจื•ืขื™ื

8)ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉืช- ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช– ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื- "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”"ย  "ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืš". ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืžื•ืœ ื™ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื "ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื”"

9)ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘– ืœื–ืจื•ืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉื•ืื•ย  ืขื“ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ืช 26 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื—ื™ื™ืš ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืขื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื. ื’ื ืื ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื–ืง.

10)ย ย  ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืžืœื•ืžื“– ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื›ื ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช. ื™ืฉื ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืื™ื ืืœื™ื™ ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจ. ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื•ื›ื•ื“ืžื”. ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืงื ื™ื•ืช. ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืขื ืื“ื ืžืจืขื•ืช ืื• ืžื›ื‘ื™ื.

ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืื”

ื. ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืื” ืงืจื”

ื‘. ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื• ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื

ื’. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื™ื“ืข- ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš

ื“. ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš

ื”. The win win game ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš

ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื™ื“ืข

11)ย ย  ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช– ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืืœื™ืช ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช- "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืžืฉ ืจืฆื™ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ืš ื ื˜ืฉืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืชื—ื•ื", "ืกื‘ืœืช ืžืžื—ืœื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืœืš" . ื”ืคืจื˜ ื™ืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื•ื“ืจืš ื›ืš ื™ืฉืชื›ื ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื“ืœื” ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื.

12)ย ย  "ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืคื•ื›ื”"- ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืกืชื“ืจ ืื™ืชื•, ื•ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืš ืžื–ื” ืฉืืชื” ืงื•ืจื ืื•ืชื•. ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืžื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืœื• ื‘ืงืจื™ืื”.

ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“

13)ย ย  ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื˜ืจ-ืคืŸ- ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื” ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื” ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื• ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงืจื•ืช. ื”ืื“ื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืชืžืžืฉ. ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืืฉื” ืฉืชืžืฆื ื’ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื.

14)ย ย  ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ืื ื”- ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ืกืคืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืื™ื‘ื™ืช-ืชืžื™ืžื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืื“ื ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ "ืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฉื” ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ". "ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ".

15)ย ย  ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื“ืื™ื- ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื“ืื™ื™ื, "ืื“ื ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื—ื™ื™ืš". "ืชืงื•ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ".

16)ย ย  ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ 50-50-ย  ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ 50/50 ืื• ืฉื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืื• ืฉื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืช. ืื• ืฉืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืื• ืฉืชื™ื›ืฉืœ.ย  ืœื ืกื•ื•ืช ืœื ื—ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชื ื—ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืฆืœื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืื“ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืžื•ืœืš ื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช.

17)ย ย  ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืคืœื™ื- ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขื•ืจืคืœืช- ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ืš ื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืžืกืข ื‘ืื•ืคืง. ืžืฉืื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืช.

18)ย ย  ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื›ื”- ืื“ื ืจืขย  ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื’ื‘ืš ืื•ืœื ืชืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื›ืš"

19)ย ย  ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืงืจื™ื™ื-ย  ืœืกืคืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงืจื™ื™ื. ืื ื™ ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ ืืช ืจืฆื— ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจืกื”.

The win win game– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืฉื ื›ืฉืœื™ื

20)ย ย  ืขืงืฉื ื•ืช- ืœื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืฉืืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืง ื•ื–ื” ืฉืžื•ืœืš ื˜ื•ืขื”. "ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืชื ืกื” ืœื”ื–ื›ืจ, ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื™"

21)ย ย  "ืื ื™ ืฆื•ื“ืง ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข"

22)ย ย  "ืื ื™ ืฆื•ื“ืง ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืฉื›ื—ืช"- ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ ืื•ืœื ืืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื›ืš

23)ย ย  "ืื ื™ ืฆื•ื“ืง, ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข"- ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžืฉื”ื• ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืžืš"

24)ย ย  "ืื ื™ ืฆื•ื“ืง ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืงืจื”"- ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.

25)ย ย  "ืื ื™ ืฆื•ื“ืง ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ืš"- ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืจื• ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ืš ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื“ื”/ืฉื™ืกืคืจื• ืœืš ืขืœ ื›ืš.

26)ย ย  "ืื ื™ ืฆื•ื“ืง ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ืฆื•ื“ืง ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช"- "ื’ื ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืงืจื” ืืชื” ืจืฆื™ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” "

27)ย ย  ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ืฆื•ื“ืง ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”"- ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช ืขื ืื—ื•ืชืš"ย  "ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืื—ื•ืช", "ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื—ื•ืช ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™"

28)ย ย  "ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื˜ืคืœ ืฆื•ื“ืง ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืขื™ืงืจ"

29)ย ย  "ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืœื”ืชื ืฆืœ,ื•ืœืชืจืฅ"- ืœืชืจืฅ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ "ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžื“ืข ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง"

ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื?

1)ืžื—ืžืื•ืช, ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื ืขื™ืžื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื• ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื” ืžื”ื ื”. ื–ื” ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืจืชื™

2) ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืจืืฉ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžื“ืข ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื•ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”

3)ืœื‘ืกืก ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื, ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ืขืฆืžืš- ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช, "ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืงืจื™ื™ื", ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ืื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืฆืœืš ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืœืฉื™ื ืชืคืื•ืจื” ืฉืชืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื (ืžื“ืฃ ืกืคืจื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื)

4) ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”- "ื™ื“ืข ื ืกืชืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ"

ื›ืฉืื“ื ื‘ื ืœืงื•ืจื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืœื ื›ืกืฃ . ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขืจื™ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.

ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจื•.

ืคืœืฆื‘ื•

ืชืจื•ืคืช ื“ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืฉื•ื ืชื•ืขืœืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช. ืื•ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉื•ื ืชื•ืขืœืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื” ืื›ืŸ ืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”. ย 30 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ื”ืคืœืฆื‘ื• ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืœืฆื‘ื•. ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืคืœืฆื‘ื• ืžื•ืœ ื›ืื‘ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืžื— ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ืงืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื— ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.

ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืคืœืฆื‘ืจื• ืžื—ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ= ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคืœืฆื‘ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคืœืฆื‘ื• ื™ืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื›ื— ืฉืœื•.

ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ืงื” ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ืื‘ื ืฉื™ืš ื–ื™ื• ืจืงืžื•ืŸ ื•ื“ืŸ ืืจื™ืืœื™. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืชืจื•ืคืช ืคืœืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื•ืŸ RX. ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืœืฉื ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช. ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื›2.5 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ, ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘' ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื›- 10 ืกื ื˜ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ. ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื—ืงืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ืกืฃ ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœื”ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืœืฆื‘ื• ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ื ื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื—ื“ืจ ื•ื—ืฉืžืœื• ืื•ืชื. ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื' ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืชื™ื, ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ื” ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื›ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืง ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื›ืื‘ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืงืœืคื™ื ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืงืคื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”. ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ืขืจืš ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื”ืคืœืฆื‘ื• SOBE ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื—ืœืงื• ืœืฉื ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช. ืื—ืช ืงื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ืคืœืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ ื•ื”ืงื‘ืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื”ืคืœืฆื‘ื• ื ื’ืฉื• ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืžื‘ื—ืŸ . ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื' ืคืชืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” 9-10 ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืคืชืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืจืง 6 ืฉืืœื•ืช.

ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”

ืื•ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ื•ื™. ืชืคื™ืกื” ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช– ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ื•ืœื ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžืืžืฅ.

ื–'ืืŸ ืคื™ืื–'ื”- ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ. ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืžื•ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืฉื™ ืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื” ื–ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื ืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ(ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืคืจืงื• ืื•ืชื•).

ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”

ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™. ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืื™ื›ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ืคื•ืœ 2 ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ืื•ืจื–. ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื ืจืื” ืœื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฆื ื•ืขื”, ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื’ืจืžื” ืœืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ ืืฆืœ ื”ืžืœืš.

ืงืฉืจ ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื•ืงืฉืจ ืกื™ื‘ืชื™

ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืžื” ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืงืคื™ ืœื‘ ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจืฆื™ืย  (ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช) ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืงืคื™ ืœื‘ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืจืฆื™ื."

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจืฆื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืชืงืคื™ ืœื‘.

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ ืจื™ืฆื” ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืชืงืคืช ืœื‘.

ืงืฉืจ ืกื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ โ€“ ืžืจืื” ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืชื•ืคืขื” ืื—ืช ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”.

ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืœืงืฉืจ ืกื™ื‘ืชื™.

ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืชืขืจื‘.

ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืจืจ ื”ืื ืงื™ื™ื ืงืฉืจ ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ ื“ืจืš ืžื—ืงืจ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™

ืงืฉืจ ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืงืฉืจ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืืš ืงืฉืจ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืงืฉืจ ืกื™ื‘ืชื™

ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืืœื™ื•

ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ– ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื–ื• ืžื–ื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืงืจ. ืœืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ืœืื—ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช. ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืชื•ืคืขื” ื' (ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™) ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืืš ืœื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืื ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘' ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช.

ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื- ืื™ืš ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืืช ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืžื ื”. ืžื—ืœืงื™ื 1000 ืื™ืฉ ืœ2 ืœื—ืœืง ื' ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื•ืœื—ืœืง ื‘' ืœื. ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืžื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ืŸ ื•ืžื™ ืœื.

ืœื ื”ืฉืžื™ืŸื”ืฉืžื™ืŸ
ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื™ ื ื˜ืœื• ืชืจื•ืคื”)45050500
ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช (ืœื ื ื˜ืœื• ืชืจื•ืคื”)400100500
8501501000

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื•ื: 50/500=0.1

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช 100/500= 0.2

ืžืกืงื ื”- ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืžื ื”

ื‘ืขื™ื™ื”– ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืงื‘ืœื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืžื ื” ื”ื ื™ืื›ืœื• ืคื—ื•ืช

ืคืชืจื•ืŸ– ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืชืงื‘ืœ ืคืœืฆื‘ื™ื•.

ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื•ืช'ืจืŸ (1924)– ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืืช ืคื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ื“ืœ, ืื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื“ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”.

ื—ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื ืจื•ื–ื ื˜ืœ ื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ืืช ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืคื™ื’ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”– ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™"ืก ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ.ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื ืžืกืจ ืฉืžื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉืžืืชืจ "ืคืจื™ื—ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจืช".ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™ 20% ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื™ืชื”.

ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื ืืžืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ืชื 20% ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืฉื’ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื‘ืชื•ื ืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™, ืื•ืชื 20%, ืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืืจ ื”ื›ื™ืชื”-ืืœื” ืฉื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ.

ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžื ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื ืขืœืชื” ื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื›ื™ืชื”.

ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื’ื™ื‘ืฉื• ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื™ื“ืข

ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื. ืžืกืจื™ื ืืœื• ื ืงืœื˜ื• ืข"ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื‘ื”ืชืื โ€“

ื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืœืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืงืœื˜ื•.

ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ ืื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื•: ืžื“ืจื™ืš-ื—ื ื™ืš, ื—ื•ื ืš-ื ื—ื ืš. ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• ืžืฉื“ืจ ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื ื™ืš ืงื•ืœื˜ ืื•ืชืŸ ื•ืžืชื ื”ื’ ืขืœ-ืคื™ื”ืŸ.ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื’ื ื›"ื ื‘ื•ืื”ย ย ื”ืžื’ืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื”". ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืฆื•ืคื” ืžื”ื ื•ื›ืš ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช.

ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื”ืžื’ืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืื•ย ืืคืงื˜ ืคื™ื’ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ย ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืžืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืชย 1948. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื:ย ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื”ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืชื’ืฉื. ืื•ืชื” ืชื•ืคืขื” ื ืงืจืืช ืœืขืชื™ื ื’ื ื ื‘ื•ืืชย ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก.

"ื”ื ืก ื”ืคื™ืงื—"- ืกื•ืก ืฉื™ื“ืข ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืกื•ืก ืœืžื“ ืืช ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืฉืœื• ื•ืจืงืข ื‘ื”ืชืื.

ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืชย  ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ ื•ื“ืื•ืช

ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ ื•ื“ืื•ืช? ืื ื• ืžืกื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ืืฆื‘ืข- ืœืžืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ. ืœืคื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืื ื™ ืื“ืข ืฉืชืคื™ืกืช ื˜ืจืžืค ืชื™ืงื— ืœื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื” ื•ืงื— ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš ื‘ื”ืชืื.

ื”ื™ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืช/ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช- ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื• ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช.

  1. ืžื” ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื™.
  2. ื›ืžื” ืงืœ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ื.

ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืœืžืฉืœ ืืช ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืœื ืžื—ืงืจ ืื ื™ ืื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ื•ืื– ืืขืฉื” ื”ืขืจื›ื”. ืื ืื ื™ ืืขืจื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื ืกื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ ื•ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืขื ื”ืชื•ืคืขื”.

ื”ื™ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ย ื”ื™ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืคืฉื˜ื ื™ ืฉืœย ื”ื™ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืงืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช. ื›ืš, ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืืจืŸ ื•ืœื“ืžื™ื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช, ืชื—ืฉื‘ื ื” ืงืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฆื’ื” ืžืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืŸ. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ,ย ื”ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.

ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืกื‘ืจื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ย ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ืช ืžื ืคื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ย ืžื˜ื•ืก, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืคื™ 30. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื ืขื•ืฆื”, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืงืœ ืœื ื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืœื•ื ืื™ืžืชืŸ. ื ืคื™ืœืช ื—ืœืงื™ ืžื˜ื•ืก, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืจื—ื‘ ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช.

ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช- ืื ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืชืื•ื ื” ืœืžืฉืœ ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื›ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื.

ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ื˜- ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืชืช ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ: ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ืข ืงื•ื“ื (ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉื ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช) ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ืžื™ื ื”. ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืœืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืš ืื ื™ ืžืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืœืคื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—.

ื”ื™ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืช/ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื•ืช: ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืœื ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. (ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœืื™ ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื).

ื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช: ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”- ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ื”ืื ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืžืชืื™ื ืœืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื.

ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžื“ื’ื: ื’ื ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื โ€“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืชืขืœืžื• ืžื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’. ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื- ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขืจื™ืš ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื“ื’ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื›ื” ื”ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืฆืคื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.

ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืงื”ื ืžืŸ ื•ืขืžื•ืก ื˜ืจื•ื•ืจืกืงื™ ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื”ื™ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช. ื›ื ื’ื“ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืขืจืš.

ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืขืจืš-ย  ืฉื ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ (ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืข)- ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืจื•ื•ื— ื•ื“ืื™ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉื”ืชื•ื—ืœืช ืฉืœื• ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืื“ื ื™ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช 850 โ‚ช ืขืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 85% ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— 1000 โ‚ช. ื”ืขื“ืคื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื”ื ืฉืชื™ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืชืืจืช ืจื•ื•ื— ื•ื“ืื™ ื•ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžืชืืจืช ื”ื’ืจืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื•ื— ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื•ื“ืื™ ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื ืœื ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื“ื‘ืจ.ย  ืชื•ื—ืœืช- ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื…ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ 800 ืฉืงืœื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื 800 โ‚ช ืžื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื 850. ื”ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื–ื”ื”.

ื‘ื›ืžื” ื›ืกืฃ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืื—ื–ื•ื™ืืื—ื•ื– ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื•
130$10074
245$8026
130$2542
245$20

58

ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื- ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื–ื›ื™ื™ื” (100 ืื—ื•ื–) ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ืืช.

ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื— (ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืžื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”) kahaeman+tversky

ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช (ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื)– ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืžื”ื• ื”-0 ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜. ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”. ื”ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื.

ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”- ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื ืชื ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื˜ ื™ืงืจ ืœ6 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื 64 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื›ืกืฃ. ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืขื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจืง 54% ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื›ืกืฃ. ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืš ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืื•ืžืจืช ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืฉื ืจืื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืจืฆื” ืื•ืชื•.

ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ืช ืคื•ื—ืชืช- ืขืฆื ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ืžืงื ื” ืœื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ืขื•ื ื’ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืื•ืœื ืื ืื ื™ ืื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจืก ืฉืืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉืœื™ ืœื ืชื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”. ืœืงื‘ืœ 1000 โ‚ช ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืžื—, ืœืงื‘ืœ 2000 โ‚ช ืœื ืžืฉืžื— ืคื™ 2.

ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื (5000 โ‚ช ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ 100,000 โ‚ช ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช) ืžื ื’ื“ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช (ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœื›ืœื ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœย  ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืžืฉืš 5 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื). ื‘ื”ืคืกื“ ืœืžืฉืœ ื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื™.

ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—. ืื“ื ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ย  ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื™ื•ื•ืชืจื• ืœื• ืขืœ ืงื ืก ืฉืœ 1000 โ‚ช ืžืืฉืจ ื™ื™ื”ื ื” ืžืคืจืก ืฉืœ 1000 โ‚ช . ืœืื‘ื“ 100 โ‚ช ื›ื•ืื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ืœืžืฆื•ื 100 โ‚ช . ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืืคืงื˜ ื ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื™ื™ื- ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ืขืจื•ืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ื ืื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉื ืคื™ืง ืžื” ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืขืฆืœื ื•ืช ื•ืงื™ื‘ืขื•ืŸ. ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช: ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื ืžื›ื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•.ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืœืžืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืคืกืคืกื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช ืœืžืžืฉ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช. ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื™ื™ื: ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื ืกื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ืื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืžื”ืกื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื™ื’ืจื.

ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ

ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืขืฆืžื”. ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื ื”ืคื•ื›ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ืื™ืจื•ืข. ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช. ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืžื™ืจื•ืœ ืžืขื•ืจืคืœื•ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืงืจื• ืžืขื•ืœื. ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ืืš ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช . ืžืื– ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ื–ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืืžืช.

ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ- ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื :

1) ืจื›ื™ืฉื”– ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืœื ื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.

2) ืื—ืกื•ืŸ- ืื™ืคื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.

3) ืฉืœื™ืคื”– ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืฉืœื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื

ื›ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื›ื” ืœืžืฉืœ- ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื•ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ โ€“ ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ืคื”.

ืื ื™ ืคืขื ื–ื›ืจืชื™- ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื—ืกื•ืŸ.

ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ

ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื™– ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื—ื•ืคืฃ ืœืชืคื™ืฉื” ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ ืžื“ื™ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื ืงื•ืจื™ื. ืจืื™ื”/ืฉืžื™ืขื”- ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.

ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ– ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื ืœื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื”ื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ. ื™ืฉื ื• ืžืงื•ื ืœืขื“ 7 ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื. ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื™ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ.

ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš– ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืžืžื™ื, ืžืกื ื ื™ื ืžืกืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื ืžืขืŸ.

ืชื ืื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืœื—-

ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืขืžื•ืง– ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืขืฆื ื”ื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืขืžื•ืง.

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืžืื•ื—ืกืŸ ืœืžื™ื“ืข ืงื•ื“ื

– ืžืืžืฅ ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืื•ืจืข

– ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืงืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ

ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืจืคื•ืจื•ื“ื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืืœื ืจืงื•ื ืกืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™(ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช)

ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื”ืขืชืง ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืืœื ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•. ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื”ืคืฉื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขย  ื•ื‘ืฉืœื™ืคื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื“ืฉย  ืžืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื•ื—ืกื ื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื• ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืคืชื•ื— ืœื›ืฉืœื™ื ืžื–ื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื›ื™ืชื” ืื ื™ ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื” ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื- ื™ืฉ ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื›ืกืื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.

ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืจืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืœืžื” ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืœื›ืฉืœื™ื, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉืžื™ื˜ ืžื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.

  1. ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืืกื•ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™,: ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืงืจ ื”ืืกื•ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื•ื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื™ื“ืข ืื—ืจ, ื™ืฉื ื• ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืœ ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ. ืื ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืงืœ ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืกื ืฉืœื™ื“ื•.
  1. ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกื›ืžื˜ื™-ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ืืœื ื‘ืฆื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช. ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื›ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืคื”. ืกื›ื—ืžื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข. ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืขืœื. ย ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ, ืกื›ืžื˜ื™. ืื ื• ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกื›ืžื•ืช, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื™ื.

ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ

ื.ย ย ย ย ย  ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื•ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™– ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ื•ืฉื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืย  ืื ื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื’ื ืžื™ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืื•ืชื” "ืžืฉืคื—ื”" ื ืืžืจื•. ื”ืื“ื ืžืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืกืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ืœืื™ืจื•ืข.

ื‘.ย ย ย ย ย  ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืชื™ื•ื’– ืชื™ื•ื’ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคื• ืฉื‘ื• ื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืฉืœื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข. ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืชื™ื•ื’ ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื’ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ืคื”.

ื’.ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื˜ืขื”- ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ื˜ืขื” ืฉืื“ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืจื•ืข, ืžืฉื ื” ืžื˜ืขื” ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคืจืš ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื”ื™ื—ืฉืคื•ืช ืœืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.

ื“.ย ย ย ย ย  ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.

ืืœื™ื–ื‘ื˜ ืœื•ืคื˜ื•ืก ELIZABETH LOTTUS โ€“ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื” J- ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ืœื•ืคื˜ื•ืก ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ืงืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ "ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืœ" ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืชื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืฉืื•ืช (ืกื•ื’ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช) ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข, ื•ื›ืš ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉื, ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืืžืช. ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ,ย ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืื• ื—ื•ืงืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื—ื• ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื™ื. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื”, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ย ืื•ื ืก ืื•ย ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ืื“ื ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื—ื•ื•ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืืžืช.

ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืœื•ืคื˜ื•ืก, ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ืื“ื ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื•ื™ ื•ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืืžื™ืชื™. ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืฉืงืœ ืจื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืง, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืœื•ืคื˜ื•ืก ืืฃ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื›ืขื“ืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืžื•ืžื—ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœย ืื•.ื’'ื™ื™ ืกื™ืžืคืกื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื›ืชื‘ื” ื›ืขืฉืจื™ื ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืžืืžืจื™ื.

ืื—ื“ ืžืžื—ืงืจื™ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืงืจย ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ืจื•ืกื”, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื”ืฉืคืขืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื’ื•ื™. ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื” ืืชย ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ืื‘ื“ ื‘ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.

ื’ืืจื™ ืจืžื•ื ื”-ื”ื•ืœื™ ืจืžื•ื ื”

ืฉื ืชย 1989 ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ื•ืœื™ ืจืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื”ย ื‘ื•ืœืžื™ืช ื•ื“ื™ื›ืื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืžืจ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ืœืจืžื•ื ื” ื•ืœืืžื” ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืœืžื™ื” ื ื’ืจืžื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ืœืคืชืข ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ื•ืœื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฉืฉ ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื”, ืฉืื•ืชื ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืœืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ืฉืคื–ืช. ืื‘ื™ื” ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ื•ืœ, ืื•ืœื ื—ืจืฃ ื–ืืช ืืฉืชื• ื”ืชื’ืจืฉื” ืžืžื ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื˜ืจ ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ืžืคืขืœ.

ืœื•ืคื˜ื•ืก ื ืฉื›ืจื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื”. ื‘-1994 ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื ืขื” ืืช ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื›ื ืขื• ืื•ืชื” ืฉื”ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื. ื”ืื‘ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ื•ืขื ืงื” ืœื• ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉื˜ื™ืคืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•, ืืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื.

ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื’ืจื

ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื’ืจื ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉื•ืื”.

1) ื›ืคื™ื”.

2) ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช- ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื–ื•ื ื•ืžืชืœื”ื‘.

3) ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืกืžื›ื•ืช- ืžื™ืœื™ื’ืจื-ื ื™ืกื•ื™.

ืจืื• ื’ื:

ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ืช: ืžืจืชื” ื ื•ืกื‘ืื•ื ืขืœ ืื™-ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืชื™ื•ืช

ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช

ืžื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ื’ื ืœื“ืขื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื•ืžื” ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช

ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ:

ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืื• ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”: ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืœืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื

ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืงืฉื”? ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื•ื–ืœ? ื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื™ื pro ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.

ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”:

12 ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื ื•ืฉืคื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื’ืขื•ืŸ

ืžื™ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื ืชื”ื” ืื™ ืคืขื ื”ืื ืื• ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ืื• ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื™ื•ืช? ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื. 12 ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืคื™ื•ืช, ืฉื’ืขื•ืŸ ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ื”ื.

ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ:

ื˜ื›ื ื•ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื: ืื™ืš ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืžืช ื•ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืžื™-ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื?

ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืžืช, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืขืœื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื: ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ื‘ื™ื "ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช" ืขืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”. ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ?

ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ: