ืคืจื ืง ื‘ืœื’ื™

100 ืคืจื ืง: ื’'ื™ืžืก ืื ืกื•ืจ

200 ืคืจื ืง: ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ืกืงืก

500 ืคืจื ืง: ืจื ื” ืžื’ืจื™ื˜

1000 ืคืจื ืง: ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ ืคืจืžืงื”

2000 ืคืจื ืง: ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืจื˜ื”

10000 ืคืจื ืง: ื”ืžืœืš ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืคืื•ืœื”

ื’'ื™ืžืก ืื ืกื•ืจ (100 ืคืจื ืง): 1860-1949. ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืื™ืžืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ืœื’ื™. ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื—ืœื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ื›ืžืงื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืจื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”20. ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ืคืื•ืœ ืงืœื™ ื•ืื•ืžื ื™ื ืื™ืžืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืกืœ ื•ืื ื˜ื•ื•ืจืคืŸ.

ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ืกืงืก (200 ืคืจื ืง): 1814-1894. ืžืขืฆื‘ ื›ืœื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืœื’ื™, ืžืžืฆื™ื ื”ืกืงืกื•ืคื•ืŸ. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืขืžืœ ืกืงืก ืขืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื™ ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ืงืœืจื™ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 20 ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืฆืืชื• ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ืจืกื ืžืฉื•ืคืจืช ืฉืœ ืงืœืจื™ื ื˜ ื‘ืก. ืก1841 ื”ื™ื’ืจ ืกืงืก ืœืคืจื™ืก ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื ื•ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื ืงืจืื• ืกืงืกื”ื•ืจื ืก (ืงืจื ื™ ืกืงืก) ืฉืฆื‘ืจื• ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ. ื‘1846- ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืกืงืก ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ- ื”ืกืงืกื•ืคื•ืŸ. ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืœืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืชื”ื™ืœืชื•. ืกืงืก ืกื‘ืœ ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืืš ื”ื—ืœื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ืžืช ื‘1894.

ืจื ื” ืžื’ืจื™ื˜ (500 ืคืจื ืง): 1898-1967. ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืœื’ื™ ืžื”ื–ืจื ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื.

ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•: ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืคื ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื•ืช โ€“ ื›ืš ื ืžืฆืื” ืื™ืžื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืกืืžื‘ืจ, ืชื™ื‘ืช ืขืฅ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ื“ ืขืจื™ืกืชื•, ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ืฉื ืงืฉืจ ืœื’ื’ ื‘ื™ืชื•, ืืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืฉื™ื—ืง ืžื’ืจื™ื˜ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื”.

ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 17 ืขื‘ืจ ืžื’ืจื™ื˜ ืœื‘ืจื™ืกืœ ื•ื ืจืฉื ืœืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื–ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื–ื ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1926 ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” "ื”ืจื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“". ืžื’ืจื™ื˜ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื• ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘1967 ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•.

ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ ืคืจืžืงื” (1000 ืคืจื ืง): 1886-1952. ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืœื’ื™ ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื ื”ืคืœืžื™.

ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืจื˜ื” (2000 ืคืจื ืง): 1861- 1947. ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜. ืื—ื“ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ืจื ื”"ืืจื˜ ื ื•ื‘ื•". ื”ื•ืจื˜ื” ื ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืงืกืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืกืœ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื ื”ืจืกื• ื—ืœืง ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•. ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืคืจืกืžื™ื: ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ื˜ืืกืœ, ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืกื•ืœื‘ื™ื™, ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ื•ืืŸ ืืื˜ื‘ืœื“ื”.

ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™ (10000 ืคืจื ืง): ื ื•ืœื“ 1934. ืžืœืš ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™. ื”ื•ืžืœืš ื‘1993 ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืช ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ื•ื“ื•ืืŸ (ืฉื›ื™ื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช 20 ื•50 ืคืจื ืง ื™ืฉื ื™ื). ื‘ื ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืœืื•ืคื•ืœื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ืืกื˜ืจื™ื“ (ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื” ื›ื ืกื™ื›ืช ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื”).

ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื”. ื‘1935, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื”, ื ื”ืจื’ื” ืื™ืžื• ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ 5 ืคืจืฆื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžื ื” ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื•ืกืคืจื“ ืืš ืืช ืจื•ื‘ื” ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืกืœ. ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ืคืœืฉื• ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืœื‘ืœื’ื™ื”, ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื ืœืงื—ื” ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ืขื“ ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื‘ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืืš ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืขื“ 1950 ื•ื‘1951 ื”ื•ื›ืชืจ ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ื•ื“ื•ืืŸ ืœืžืœืš.

ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฆื™ ื”ื‘ืœื’ื™ ื•ื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ื• ืขื“ ื“ืจื’ืช ืงื•ืžื•ื“ื•ืจ. ื‘1954 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืคื ืกื™ื” ื‘ื• ื ืฉื ืขื“ 1991, ื‘1958 ืžื•ื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื‘ืœื’ื™ ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืกื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืช ื”ื‘ืœื’ื™ืช ื•ื‘1962 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืžืกื—ืจ ื—ื•ืฅ. ื‘1959 ื ืฉื ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ื“ื•ื ื” ืคืื•ืœื” ืจื•ืคื• ื“ื™ ืงืœืื‘ืจื™ื”, ืฆืืฆื ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ื•ืœื–ื•ื’ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืคื™ืœื™ืค, ืืกื˜ืจื™ื“ ื•ืœื•ืจืŸ ืฉืžืื—ืจ ื•ืœื‘ื•ื“ื•ืืŸ ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช. ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืจ ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ืœ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืขื ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืžืกืœื™ืก ืžืžื ื• ืืฃ ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืœื• ื™ืœื“ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ: ื“ืœืคื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืืœ.

ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืช ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื•ืžืœืš ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืžืœืš ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1993. ืขื™ืงืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื›ืžืœืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื˜ื™ื‘ ืงืฉืจื ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”, ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืฆืจ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ืจื• ื•ื‘ืคืืŸ-ืืจื•ืคื™ื–ื ื•ืฆื™ื“ื“ ื‘ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข.

ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืคืื•ืœื”: ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘1937 ื›ื“ื•ื ื” ืคืื•ืœื” ืžืจื’ืจื™ื˜ื” ืžืืจื™ื” ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื” ืงื•ื ืกื™ืœื™ื” ืจื•ืคื• ื“ื™ ืงืœืื‘ืจื™ื” ย ืžืžื•ืฆื ืืฆื•ืœื” ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื•ื‘ืœื’ื™ ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื” ืœืื—ืช ืžื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.

ืžื—ืงืจ: ืœืžื” ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืจืง ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืžื ื•

ื”ืื ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืœื™ื•? ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ืื•ืฉืจ

ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื”

ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื“, ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ โ€” ืžื” ื ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช? ืžืงืก ื•ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืชืื•ื“ื•ืจ ืื“ื•ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช

5 ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•

ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื‘ืœื•ื‘, ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืœื•, ื”ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืฉ, ื”ื›ืœื ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืžื‘ืจื“ื• ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื’ืจื – ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”?

ืื™ืš ืฉื™ื ืชื” 'ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”' ืืช ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช?

ืžืฉื” ื•ื ืกื™ื›ื™ื-ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื: ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื

ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ืืฆื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ

ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื:

ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ืš: 10 ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ื–ื

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื“ืขื• ืื ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜? ืขืฉืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ ืืฆื‘ืข ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ื–ื

ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืกืžื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ื ื—ืฉ? ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื—ื•ื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืŸ

ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื” ื•ื”ื ื—ืฉ? ื•ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื” ืขื“ ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”? ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื—ื•ื”

ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื ืชื™ื ื”, ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื "ืš

ืื•ืกืฃ ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื ืชื™ื ื”, ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืžื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื "ืš