ืืจื™ืง ื”ื•ื‘ืกื‘ืื•ื – ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช – ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ืืจื™ืง ื”ื•ื‘ืกืื•ื- ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช

ืœื˜ืขื ืช ืืจื™ืง ื”ื•ื‘ืกื‘ืื•ื ื‘ืžืืžืจื• "ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช" ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืื” ื”19 ืฉืœื˜ื• ืงื•ืžืฅ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื—ื›ืช, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืœื ื˜ืจื—ื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื˜, ื”ืŸ ืื›ืคื• ืืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ื‘1917 ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื“ื’ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื• ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืœื ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืกืกื• ืืช ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ื‘ืžืื” ื”19 ื›ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืœื ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื•ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ืื• ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ย  ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื‘- ื”ืชืžืขืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.

ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื•ื‘ืกื‘ืื•ื ื”ื“ื’ื ืฉืœ "ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื• ื•ืขืฆืจื• ืื•ืชื•, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ื ื™ืฆื— ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื”. ืื•ืœื "ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ" ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืœืœ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืืฆืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉื ื˜ืชื” ืœืžืกื•ืจืช ืื• ืœืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื”ืจืก ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžืœื‘ื“ ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ืกื—ืจ… . ืื•ืœื, ืจื•ื‘ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื“ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืœื ื ืฉืขื ื• ืขืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื•ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื (ืืœ ืงืขื™ื“ื” ื•ื›ื•'). ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืžื•ืชื™ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื ืฉืขื ื• ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื–ื, ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื, ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื, ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช), ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืคืฆืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœืŸ (ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'). ื›ืš ืงืจื” ืฉืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืฆืจื”, ืฉื™ื“ืขื” ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื–ื ื—ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืกื•ืจืชืŸ ื•ืืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื. ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืงืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ื”, ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื’ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘, ื•ืขื“ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ืœืฆื“ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช (ื™ืคืŸ).ย  ืชื”ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ืจืช ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ื—ืฉืœ, ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ื” ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื ื‘ื“ืœื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ืคืจื˜ ืœืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ืื™ื—ื“ื” ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช.

ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•, ืขื“ ืฉื ื‘ืœืžื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.

ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ืกื•ืช ื™ื™ื‘ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื™ืฉืœื ืชืžื•ืจืชื• ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžืชื•ืฆืจืชื•, ืืš ื–ื” ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช (ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืฉืงื™ื ืื•ื˜ืจืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืขื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”20. ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื ื˜ื” ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืช, , ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ืช (ื‘ืฆื“ืง) ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื ื—ืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืฉืœื•ืช.

ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื (ื•ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื™ืคืŸ), ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ืก ืžื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืชืŸ ืžืื– 1945 , ืื•ืœื ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ืœื ื• ืœื ืฉืจืจื” ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ืขืžื™ื, ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื ืจืื” ืœื”ื ืžื•ื–ืจ ื•ื–ืจ (ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืืกื™ื”), ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืขืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืื•ืชื” ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื•ืช, ืœื›ืŸ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืค"ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื• ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ืžื” ืฉื”ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ื–ื•ืช ืื—ื™ื“ื”, ื—ืจืฃ ื”ื‘ื•ื– ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ ืœื’ื–ืข ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ืกื‘ืœื• ืžืžื ื•.

ืžืฉื™ืžืชืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœืžื•ื“ืจื ื” ื•ื ื˜ื• ืœืžืกื•ืจืช, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืกื›ืŸ ืืช ืžืคืขืœืŸ ืœืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.ย  ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืขืžื•ืง ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื’ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื (ื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช), ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ืืš ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืงืฉื• ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜, ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืฉื ืืœืฆื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•, ื ืชื ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช (ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืŸ) ืœื›ืžื” ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช (ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ืงื ื“ื” ื•ืขื•ื“…)

ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืจืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื–ืขื–ืขื• ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™: ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ื” ืฉืชื™ ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช (ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช), ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืžื”ื–ื™ืจื” ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช (ืจื•ืกื™ื”). ืžืขืžืกืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื ื–ืงืงื” ืœืžืฉืื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืชืกื™ืกื”, ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืžื”ืคื›ืช ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ืจืžื• ืœืชืกื™ืกื” ื•ืœื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื• ืื™ ืคืขื ืืš ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื ืœื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื•ืฆืจืคืช ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืœื—ื ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ. ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชื ืกื• ื‘ืชืกื™ืกื” ื•ื‘ื›ืื‘ ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช.

ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ื”. ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื ื™ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜. ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื, ืžืขืžื“ื™ื™ื, ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื™ื, ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืจืืชื” ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืขืฉื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื”, ืฉื’ืจืจื” ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžืื‘ืงื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื•'.

ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ 1929-1933 ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”. ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื• ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–, ื•ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ืœืฉืืชื. ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ืจ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื, ืืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื ืจืืชื” ื”ืกืขืจื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื” .

ืžื” ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”?

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืžืฆืื• ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืžืคืกื™ื“.

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืฆืจืคืช ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื”, ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืžืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืจ.

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ย ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื“ื—ืงื” ืืช ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื—ื™ืกืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื”.

ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืืจืฆื• ืื™ื ื ื—ืกื™ื ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืชื‘ื•ืกื”, ื•ืžืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื• ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ื”ืŸ ืืช ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช.

ืืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ืงืจืกื• ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช, ืืš ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื ืœื—ืžื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชืŸ, ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื ื›ื ืขื• (ื•ื™ืื˜ื ื). ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืชื” ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื”ืกืชืœืงื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืœืžืื‘ืงื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื”ื’ืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” "ื”ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจืช". ืขื“ 1950 ื”ื•ืฉืœื ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืกื™ื” ืžืขื•ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื. ืžื‘ืฆืข ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ืฆืจืคืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื›ืฉืœ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ (ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืืฉืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ).

ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”50, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื ืงืฅ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” "ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืช" ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืขื ืงืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ, ืขื ืชืœื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืžืืœื™ื™ื.ย  ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”60, ื•ื”79, ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจื• ื’ื ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื.

 

ืžื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืช ื–ืžื ื ื• โ€“ ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื

ื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช: ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช

ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช, ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืื• ื”ื™ื•ื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื”ืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช.

8 ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืจ ืฉื™ืื™ืจื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื›ื

ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช: ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืจ

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืคืช ื”ืกื˜ืœื ื™ื: ืžืกื˜ื•ืœ, ืกืื—ื™, ืคืœืคื”, ืคืืจืฉ, ืงืกืกื” ื•ื“ื•ื“ื

ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืกื˜ื•ืœ, ืกืื—ื™, ืคืœืคื”, ืงืกืกื”, ืคืืจืฉ ื•ื“ื•ื“ื ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ?

ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ:

ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”:

ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ:

ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ืš: 10 ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ื–ื

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื“ืขื• ืื ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜? ืขืฉืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ ืืฆื‘ืข ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ื–ื

ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ:

ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื” ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื›ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•? ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืคืชื— ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช