ืชื ื•ืชื•ืจืฉื” – ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื‘ืชื ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ. ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื.

ื‘ื“ื "ื ืžืฆื•ื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ื. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ืื”:

  • ืชืขืชื•ืง (transcription): ื”ืกืœื™ืœ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื "ื ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืฆื•ื™, ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืื—ื“ ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช mRMA (ืจื "ื-ืฉืœื™ื—), ื”ื ื™ืชืงืช ืžื”ื“ื "ื. ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ.
  • ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”- mRNA (splicing): ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื•ืกืคื” ื•ื”ืฉืžื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืงื˜ืขื™ื. ื”ื”ื•ืกืคื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืคืจ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื”, ื•ื”ื”ืฉืžื˜ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื—ืชื•ื›ื™ื ืžื•ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” (ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช… ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื).
    ื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื” ืจืฆืฃ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ื‘ื“ื "ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ืžื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
  • ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”- mRNA ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื˜ื•ืคืœืกืžื” ื•ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื (ืื‘ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื).
  • ืชืจื’ื•ื (translation): ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืคืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื. ื›ืœ 3 ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืืžื™ื ื™ืช. ื›ืœ ืฉืœืฉื” ื›ื–ื• ื ืงืจืืช ืงื•ื“ื•ืŸ. ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช tRNA. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช tRNA ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืืชืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื: ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืืชืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ 3 ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืงื•ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘- mRNA. ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืื ื˜ื™-ืงื•ื“ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื ืžืฆื ืืชืจ ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืืžื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืงื•ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™.
    ืœื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืืžื™ื ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื“ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“, ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืงื•ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื•ืงื•ื“ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื•ื.
  • ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื–ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืคื•ืœื™ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื "ื. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื- ืคืขื™ืœ ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ.

ื‘ืงืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื’ื ื™ื

ื‘ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืชื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœืคื™ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืื•ืœื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช.

ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืืœื• ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืชื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื. ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ืข"ื™ ืžืกืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืœืชื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืฉืœ ืข"ื™ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืข"ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ืงืจื”. ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื ื™ื, ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ืขืœ ืื™ืœื• ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืชื, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื:
ื. ื‘ืชืขืชื•ืง.

ื‘. ื‘ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”- mRNA.

ื’. ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื.

ื“. ื‘ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ.

ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืžืชืืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชืขืชื•ืง:

  1. ืื ื–ื™ื ื”ืชืขืชื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืจืง ืื ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืŸ, ืœืœื ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื–ื• ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชืขืชื•ืง. ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ื ืงืจืื•ืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืจืŸ.
    ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•. ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืคืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขืœืช ื’ื ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ื ืงืฉืจืช ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื ืืœื•.
  2. ืื ื–ื™ื ื”ืชืขืชื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืงืฉืจืช ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื ื—ืกืžืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื–ื™ื ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชืขืชื•ืง. ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื•, ื”ื ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ื ืงืจืื•ืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื›ืืŸ.

ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื™: ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”ย \ ื”ืชื

ืื™ืš ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืช (ื•ืœืžื”)?

ืœืžื” ืกืคืจ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืงืจื•ืก ืืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื“ืขื•ืš ืขื•ืจืจ ืžื”ื•ืžื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘? ืขืœ "ืื™ืš ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืช" ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื•

ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช

ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžื™ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคืงื” ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืคื™ื.

9 ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืฉืจ

ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืžืœืื™ ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื•ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื

ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ: ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”

ืžื”ื™ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”? ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ

ื ื— ืœื ืœื‘ื“: ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช

ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช? ื”ืื ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืžืœืžื“ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืงื“ื•ื ืื• ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•?

ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื:

ืžื“ื•ืข ืงืจื ืœืขืฆืžื• ืฉ"ื™ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงืจื? ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช, ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื•ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืŸ

ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™.

ืžื”ื• ื˜ื•ื˜ื ื•ื”ืื ื’ื ืœืš ื™ืฉ ืื—ื“? ืืžื™ืœ ื“ื•ืจืงื”ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืžื™ื–ื

ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ื, ืื•ืชื• ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืื”ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜, ื”ื•ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื•.