ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช: ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 โ€“ ื“ื’ื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช: ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 โ€“ ื“ื’ื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช

ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื:

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1871-1914 ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจ"ื› ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืขื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช.

ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ:ย  ืฆืจืคืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘1871. ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื•ืขื ืงื” ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืจื” ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืคืจื˜ ืจืฉืื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืจื›ื•ืฉื•. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืื™ื•ืช ื ืงื‘ืขื• 1872. ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืขื“ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (ืืœื ืžื”?). ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืคื™ื ืœื ื“ (ื—ืœื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžืชืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘1907), ืกืคืจื“ ื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ, ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื•ืช . ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื ื‘ื“ืœื• ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืืคื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช.

ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืคืขืœื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืืš ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ื•ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”20 ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื“. ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื” ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ื›ืœืœ.

ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื’ืืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘1914 ืœื™ื—ื›ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืืช ืฉื•ืœื™ ืืกื™ื”. ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื ืฆื™ืคื• ืฉืชื•ืœื™ื“ ืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ, ืชื˜ืื˜ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ื•ืช, ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ืืช ื”ื“ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืชื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ื“ืช, ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ื•ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ืงืจ ืœืœื™ื‘ื. ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ื”ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื, ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ืชืงื•ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื“ื™ื.

ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžืœืื”. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืชื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ืคืฉืจื•ืช.

ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”:ย  ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืืช "ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื", ืžื” ืฉืื™ืœืฅ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื•ื”ืžื ื”ืœ. ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”19 ื’ื“ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉ. ื›ืœ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืืœืฆื” ื›ืขืช ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช: ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืžืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืขืจื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฆืคื•ืคื•ืช; ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืชื‘ืจื•ืื”, ืกื“ืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ืžืฉื˜ืจื”; ืื™ืš ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืชื ืื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ื . ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืคืจื™ื, ื•ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ืืฃ ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื”. ื‘1914 ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช, ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืขืœืชื”. ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื ื—ืงืงื•. ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช-ืกืขื“ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ 1914.

ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ื: ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืคื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉ ืขื ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื—ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”. ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™-ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื™ืœืฆื• ืืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืกืขื“ ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชื ืื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืคื ื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื—ื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื“ืžื™ ืื‘ื˜ืœื”. ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืกืขื“ ืœืคืขื•ื˜ื•ืช, ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช-ื–ืงื ื”, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ, ื—ื•ืง ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.

ืฆืจืคืช ื ื‘ื“ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื™ืขื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืขื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื.

รŸ ื‘1914 ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ ืœืจื•ืกื™ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ื ืฉื•ืื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื—ืจื•ืฉืช, ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืขืกืงืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื (ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 12..), ื—ื•ืง ืฉืขื•ืช ื™ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืชื‘ืจื•ืื” ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืคืฆื™ืขื”.

ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืกื™ืคืงื” ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืจืื•ื•ืชื ื™ืช ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืงื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช. ื”ืชื—ื™ืงื” ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื—ื•ืœื™, ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื–ืงื ื” โ€“ ื‘ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืกืžืจืง ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืงืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ืกื›ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืœื™ื“ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืชื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.

ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”, ื“ื ืžืจืง ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื–ื“ืจื–ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืคื ื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

ืžืžืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ืžื™ืกื•ื™:ย  ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื•ื‘ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™. ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื’ื– ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื ื™, ื”ืงืžืช ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืžื’ืจืฉื™ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื. ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื• ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ืœืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืžื™ืœืื• ืขื“ ืื– ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ืฉืœื•ื ืœื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชื‘ืจื•ืื” ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืžืฉื ื” ืœืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื.

ืขื“ 1914 ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขืจื™ื ืกื™ืคืงื• ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื’ื– ืžื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•' ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” . ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื, ืžื›ื‘ืกื•ืช, ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืžืจื—ืฆืื•ืช, ื‘ืชื™ ืžื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื (ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจ?). ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืžืจื—ืฆืื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช (??).

ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืืฉื™ ืขืจื™ื ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื”.

ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืืžื™ื“ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื—ืœื•ืงืชืŸ. ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืงืชื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืื‘ืง ืฉืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืกื™ืจื” ืืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืœื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื›ืกืฃ.

ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื• ืžืกื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื•ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืก.

ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžื ื™ืช:ย  ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ื’ื ื”ืŸ ืžืžื’ืžื•ืช ืืœื•. ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืืกื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืฉืคืขืœื• ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืกืœื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ื•ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืฆืืจื™ ืคืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ืœืคื ื™ 1914.

ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืงืขื” ืœืื—ืจ 1876 ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืกื•ืœื˜ืืŸ "ืขื‘ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืืจื•ืจ" ืฉืกืœื“ ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืฆืจื™, ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืื• ืื™ืจื•ืคื™. ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืข ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื”. ื”ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘1908. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื“ื— ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ื ืขืฉื• ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืคืชื—ื• ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื”ืฉืคืขืช ืžื” ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช.

ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืžืชื™ื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืžื”ืคื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”20.

ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœืฉืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื• ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื ื•ื“ืขื” ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืžืชื ืช ื•ืžืชืจื‘ืชืช ืขืœ ื”ืœื”ื˜ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™.

ื“ืขืช ืงื”ืœ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช:

ื›ืœ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ 1871 ืจืืชื” ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช ืœืฉืชื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช: 1. ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื 2. ื”ืฆืžื—ืช ืขืชื•ื“ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืœืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื“ืกื”, ืžื“ืข, ืจืคื•ืื”, ื˜ื›ื ืื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ืœ. ืฆืจืคืช ื•ืคืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืœื˜ื• ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ืงื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžื‘ื™"ืก ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช. ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืž1870 ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ืื ื’ืœื™. 1880 ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื—ื•ื‘ื” (ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื”"ืข ื”-1 ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื—ื™ื ื). ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื›ื™ืœื• ืืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 9-10. ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืื˜ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืงืฆื‘ื” ื”ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš.

ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื ืขืจื›ื• ืขื ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืงืขืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื.

ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”: ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื•ืžืจื” ื ืขืจื›ื” ืขื ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ืชื›ื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘1905 ื”ืจื™ื‘ ื”ื ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื•ืœืงืจืข ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ. ื‘ื™ืกืžืจืง ื ื™ื”ืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื“ืจืฉ ืืช ืคื™ืงื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื›ืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื“ื•ืง ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”19. ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืกืคืจื“ ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืจื• ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ื—ื•ื• ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืกื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืงืจื” ื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืžื“ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ืื–ืจื—ื™ื”. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ืœ ื•ื”ื ื ืขืฉื• ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื›ืฉืจื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืขืฉืŸ ืžื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืืžื ื•ืช, ืžืฉืžืขืช ื•ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื ืœืžื“ื• ืชื•ืš ื—ืชื™ืจื” ืžืชืžื“ืช ืชื—ืช ืื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช. ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื—ืœื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืข, ืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื, ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื, ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช . ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขื“ ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” โ€“ ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ืฆืœืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืงืจืข ืื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื ื—ืœืง ืœืืœื” ืฉื”ืฉื›ืœืชื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืœืื•ืžืื™ืช ื•ืื ื˜ื™-ืงืœืจื™ืงืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉื”ืฉื›ืœืชื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืืžื ื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช ื’ื ื›ืŸ.

ืื—ืช ืžืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื”ืขืงื™ืคื” ืœืžืฉืžืขืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื›ืฉืจื• ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืžืขืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช. ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื ืขื‘ืจ ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืœ 10-14 ืœืžืฉืžืขืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืฉืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืชื•ื’ื‘ืจื• ื”ืžืฉืžืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื. ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื• ื”ื›ืคืจ ืื• ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื—ืจืช ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช . ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชืืงืœืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื›ืคื” ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืกื›ื•ืœ, ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคื•ืจืงืŸ ื‘ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืื ื˜ื™-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืื• ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืœืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ืจ.

ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื—ืœื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื โ€“ ื”ื”ืชืื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื.

ื”ื”ืชืื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช: ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ื—ื•ืฉ ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื’ื“ ืื• ืœื”ืชื›ื ืก ืืฃ ืฉืืœื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”19 ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืžื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื.

ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื”ืชืื’ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื• ืืฃ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื”. ืืฃ ืฉื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืกื‘ืœื” ืžื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ื ืฉื ื” ืชื—ืช ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช .ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืจืื• ืื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื•ื›ืคืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื. ืฆืžื— ื–ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช โ€“ ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช ืคื—ื•ืช, ื•ืคื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืžื•ื ื™ื. ืกื ืกืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจืื™ืช ื•ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”19 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื ืžืจืฆืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™. ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื•ืคืจื•ืœื˜ืจื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘.

ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื•ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื–ื“ืงืง ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืฆื“ ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•. ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืขืฉืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœ"ื”ืœืืžืช" ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ . ื’ื ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื”. ืื•ืœื ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื ืžื ืขื• ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืœืขื•ืจืจ ื—ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืœื• ืื• ืื—ืจื™ื. ืคืฉืข, ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืกื ืกืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื˜ืื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื™ื• ืขื–ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ.

ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช:ย  ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื”ืชืื’ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืœื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื”ืฉืคืขืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช:

ืฆืจืคืช โ€“ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ืื•ืœื ื›ืขืช ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืจ ืœื›ืœ ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื”. ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืขืœืช ืคื ืžื” ื–ื™ืขื–ืขื” ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœืงื™ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืขืžื“ืชื ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉืจื™ื. 1896 ืคืจืฉืช ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก. ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ืฉืœ ืืžื™ืœ ื–ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืœื•ื”ื˜ โ€“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜. ื ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก ื•ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืœืฆื‘ื ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืจื•ืคืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ.

ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ:ย ืžื‘ื•ื ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช – ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื

ื›ืืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช:

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•

ืžื‘ื•ื ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช

ืžื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืช ื–ืžื ื ื•

ื›ืืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ืย ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ืย ื ื•ืกืคื™ื

ืฆื“ืง ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช

ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•: ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช

ื›ืฉืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืžืคื ื” ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•: ืกืœื‘ื•ื™ ื–'ื™ื–'ืง ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืœืืชืื™ื–ื

ื–'ื™ื–'ืง ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืืชืื™ื–ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื”ืืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื—ื•ื•ื” ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื•ื”ืื“ื ื ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื“ื• ืžื•ืœ ื”ืจื™ืง ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™.

ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—: ืคื•ืงื• ืžื•ืœ ื’ื™ืจืฅ

ื”ืื ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ืกื“ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืื• ืฉืžื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื ืฉื›ื•ืคื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื”? ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื“ ื’ื™ืจืฅ ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ืฉืœ ืคื•ืงื•

ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ:

ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”:

ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ:

ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ: