ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจ ื”ืงื•ื•ืงื–ื™ / ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืจื›ื˜ – ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืืคื™

ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืื—ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ื”ื™ืย  ื”ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืคื™. (ืืคื•ืก = ืกื™ืคื•ืจ)

 

 

ืชื ื•ืขื” ื–ื• ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืจื›ื˜ (1956 โ€“ 1989) , ืžื—ื–ืื™ ื•ื‘ืžืื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ (ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช) ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ.

ื‘ืžืืžืจื• "ืœืงืจืืช ื“ืจืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื”"ย  ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื“ืจืžื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชืืžืชื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ื™ื•ืฆื ื›ื ื’ื“ :

*ย  ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืช ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ (ื›ืžื•: ืื ื˜ื’ื•ื ื” ืœืกื•ืคื•ืงืœืก ื›ื™ ืœื˜ืขื ืชื• ื”ืžืกืจ ื•ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื

ืœื™ืžื™ื ื•.

* ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช –ย  ื›ื™ ืœื“ืขืชื• ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.

ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืงื™ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ืœื—ื ืš ืืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื. ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ืงื•ืช ื•ืชื—ืœื•ืื™ื™ (ืžื—ืœื•ืช) ย ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.ย  ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืฉื—ืง ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืžืขื ื’ ืื• ืžืฉืขืฉืข.

ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื— ืืช ื”ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ื›ืจ (ื–ืจ) ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืžืฉ. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื ืกื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ืžืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ื•ืœืขื•ืจืจื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจืชื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”. ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฉืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื• ืงื”ืœ "ืžืกื•ืžื" .

ื”ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸย  ื”ืืคื™ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืœย  ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช. ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืžื•. ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื• ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ื•ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื•. ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžื”ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืœื-ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ย ืฉืœ ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื”.

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื ืš ืืช ืงื”ืœื•?

 

ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ โ€“

ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื”ืœื• ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื•ืคื™ื ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืžืงืจื‘ ืืช ืงื”ืœื• ืœืขืœื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ ืžืจื—ื™ืงื• ื‘ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช.ย  ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ืœื˜ื‘ืขื” ื”ื‘ื“ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืฆื•ืœืžื™ื ื•ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.

ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืžื ื•ื›ืจ ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืคื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื›ืœื• ื•ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื” ืœื‘ืจื›ื˜.ย ย  ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœืชื•ืจืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืžืœื” ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•.

ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืคืงื” ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืจ:

ืขืœื™ืœื” :

  1. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื” โ€“ ืขืœื™ืœื” ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืขืœื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื–ืจื™ื, ื™ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”"ืขื‘ืจ" ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื•ืืช ืจื™ื—ื•ืงื ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ื•ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืื™ืœื• ื—ื™ ืชื—ืช ืื•ืชื ืชื ืื™ื ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื. ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ื™ืงื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•"ืžืฉื" ืœ"ื›ืืŸ" ื•ื™ื–ื“ืจื– ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ืฉื—ืฉ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื- ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื•ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื•.

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฆื•ืคื” ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื›ื™ ืื™ืœื• ื—ื™ ืชื—ืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœืชืงื ื. ืขืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ื›ื— ืืคื•ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”.

  1. ืขืœื™ืœื” ืžื—ื•ืจื–ืช
  2. ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื˜ืข, ืืคื™ื–ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจ ืืคื™ื–ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ. ื”ืกืฆื ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“, ืงื˜ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืขืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”. ืœื›ืœ ืกืฆื ื” ืฉื.
  3. ืจืฆืฃ ืขืœื™ืœื” ื ืงื˜ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ื ืžืงื” ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช: ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืชื•ืš ื“ืžื•ืช

ื ืขืžื“ ื•ืฉืจ

  1. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช (ืžืฉืœ) ื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื•ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™
  2. ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ "ื”ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื’ื”" ื”ืžื‘ืœื™ื˜ื” ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ื ื™

 

ืฉืคืช ื”ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ:

ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”:

  1. ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืœื—ื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ื ื. ืœืžืฉืœ: ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ืขื™ืžืชื ืžืฉื“ืจืช ืฉื™ืžื—ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžืœืœ ื˜ืจื’ื™ ื•ืœื”ืคืš.
  2. ื”ืฆื‘ืช ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” . ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืžืชื™ ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื”ืฆื’ื”.

ืชืคืื•ืจื”:

  1. ืชืคืื•ืจื” ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื ืืš ืื™ื ื” ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
  2. ืชืคืื•ืจืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื˜ โ€“ ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื ื•ืืฃ ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” . ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื ืชืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืื•ืชื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™.
  3. ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ืชืคืื•ืจื” ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฉืคืชย  ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืžืชื™.

ืžืกื›ื•ืช:

  1. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื›ื•ืช . ืžืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืœืžื“ ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื›ื”. ื‘ืžืืžืจื• : "ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืŸ

ื”ืงื˜ืŸ"ย  ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื˜:

"ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ) ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ื•ืœืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ืขื™ืกื•ืงื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ

ื”ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ. ืœื ื”ื›ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื—ืงืŸ. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชื’ืœื ื•ืžื•ืฆื’ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืคืื•ืจื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžืกื›ื•ืช,

ืชื•ืคืจื™ ื”ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื. ืืœื” ืžืื—ื“ื™ื ืืช ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ

ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“."

ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื•, ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืกื›ื•ืช: ืื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ื‘ื“, ืžืกื›ืช ื—ืฆื™ ืคื ื™ื

ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ื‘ืื™ืคื•ืจ, ืžืกื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื•ืžืกื›ื•ืช ืžืงืœ. ื”ืžืกื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ืžืกืžืœื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื

ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื . ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืขืžื“ ื–ื” ืกื•ืจืกื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืืžืฆื™ื”ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื›ื•ื—

ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื•. ืชืื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ื•ืชืช ืืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื

ื‘ืžืกื›ื•ืชย  ื›ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืœื‘.

ืชืื•ืจื”:

  1. ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื–ืจืงื•ืจื™ื (ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืžืชื™) ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชย  ืชืื•ืจื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช.

ย 

ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ

 

ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ื›ืจืช. ืขืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืžื’ืœื ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืขื ื”ื“ืžื•ืช. ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืžื ื™ืขื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื—ืง ืชื•ืš ืžืชืŸ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช. ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื ื™ื— ืœืขืฆืžื• "ืœื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ" ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ื•, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื ื™ืกืœื‘ืกืงื™. ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืœืš ืœื™ืจ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ. ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช.

 

ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื• ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ื”ื ื—ื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืœืงื˜ื•ืข ืืช ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™. (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืื•ืžืจ: "ื”ื•ื ืงื ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื•ืืžืจ ื‘ื›ืขืก, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืขื‘" ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉื—ืง ื•ืžืขื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ื ื™ืžืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื ื•ื›ืจืช. ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœื• ืžื‘ื•ืฆืข ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืชืืจื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื.

ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื•ืคืš ืžื ื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื™ื™ืฉืžืข ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื”ืฆื’ื” .

ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื’'ืกื˜ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจื›ื˜ ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ.

ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืขย  ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจ ืฉืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืกื•ืคืจ.

ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืคื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืชย  ืืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื•ื›ืš ื ืฉื‘ืจืช "ืžื•ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืงื™ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™"

ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืคื•ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื—ืคื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื: ื”ืงื”ืœ ื•ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื. ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœื• ืžื›ื ื” ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ื”ื“ื’ืžื”.

 

ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ื”ืžื ื•ื›ืจืช ื™ืชืจื—ืฉ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ. ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ืฆื•ืคื” ื™ืฆื ืžื”ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืจืื” ื•ืœื”ืงื™ืฉ ืžื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœื• ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”.

 

ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘!!!!!! ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžื›ื ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™- ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืžืžื—ื–ื” ืฉืงืจืืชื ื•ืœื ืžื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉืฆืคื™ืชื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืœื”ืฆื’ื”.

ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืคืชื™ื—. ื‘ื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื–ื” ื”ื ืื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ื–ื” ืจื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืžืง: ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื•ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ย ื›ืฉื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื• ย ื–ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ืœื”!!!!

 

 

 

 

 

ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจ ื”ืงื•ื•ืงื–ื™ ืœื‘ืจื›ื˜- ืชืงืฆื™ืจ

ย 

ื”ืจื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขืžืง

ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืžืง. ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช, ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื,ย  ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืขืžืง ืžืื– ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ื•ื ืืœืฆื” ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื›ืขืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขืžืง ื•ืœืื“ืžืชื• ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื”. ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื, ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื”ื ืœื—ืžื• ื•ื”ื’ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืžืง ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืขืžืง ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื›ื™ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื”ืขืžืง ื™ื™ืžืกืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ื”ื. ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ย ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื ื•ื ืขืจื›ืช ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ื”ืฆื’ื”. ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื” ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ย ย ื ื•ื’ืข ื’ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขืžืง.

ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื”: ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืžืจ = ืžืกืคืจ .

ืžื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ืฆื’ื”.

ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืจื

ื”ื–ืžืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืขื™ืจ ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืฉื ืฉืœื˜ ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจ ืžื ื•ื•ืŸ. ืคืจืฆื” ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื•ื”ืžืœืš ืกื•ืœืง ืžืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•. ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื•ืžืช ื•ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸย  ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื”ื•ืžื” ืจื‘ื”.

ื’ืจื•ืฉื”, ืื—ืช ื”ืžืฉืจืชื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืœืžืฉืง ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ื.ย  ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื—ืชื” ื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื” ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืกื™ืžื•ืŸย  ืืช ื™ื“ื”ย  ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืขื ืชื” ืœื•. ื”ื ื ืคืจื“ื• ื›ื™ย  ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืžื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื.

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืžื”ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื ื•ื˜ืฉืช ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืขืจย  ืืช ื‘ื ื” ,ื™ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขืฆืจ,ย  ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื”.ย  ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงย  ืืš ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืœื” ื›ื™ ืื ื”ื™ื ืชืฆื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกื›ื ื”:ย ย  ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื ื™ื™ืฉื—ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื” ื•ืื•ืชื• ื’ื ื™ื—ื“.ย  ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืขื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ื™ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขืฆืจ.

ื”ืžื ื•ืกื” ืืœ ื”ืจื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ

ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ื‘ื•ืจื—ืช ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉย  ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขืœ ืžืคืชืŸ (ืคืชื—) ย ื‘ื™ืช ืื™ื›ืจื” ืืš ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืชืงืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืื™ื™ืžื• ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ืœื–ื”ื•ืชื•ย  ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื™ืชื•ืœื• ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื™ื›ืจื” ื•ื‘ืงืฉื” ืžืžื ื” ื›ื™ ืชื—ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ืชืกื™ืจ ืžืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืชื•ืœื™ื. ื”ืื™ื›ืจื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื”ย  ืฉืœื ืชืกื’ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืืš ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื•ย  ื”ื™ื ื ืคืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื™ื” ื•ื”ืกื’ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืขื•ืจื”.ย  ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื›ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื•ืœ ืขืฅ ื›ื‘ื“, ื—ื˜ืคื” ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ื‘ืจื—ื”.ย  ื‘ืžื ื•ืกืชื” ื‘ืื•ืžืฅ ืจื‘ ื”ื™ื ื—ืฆืชื” ื’ืฉืจ ืจืขื•ืข ื•ืกื™ื›ื ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง.

ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื”ย  ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื•ื›ืš ื”ืฆื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”.

ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ

ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ืžืฆืื” ืžืงืœื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ื™ื”, ืœืžื•ืจืช ืจื•ื—ื” (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ืขืชื”) ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืกืชื”.ย  ืœืงืจืืช ื‘ื•ื ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ื™ื”,ย  ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจย  ืœื ื™ื—ืงืจื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“, ืื—ื™ื” ืžืฆื™ืข ื›ื™ ืชื™ื ืฉื ืœืื™ื›ืจ ื’ื•ืกืก. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืœื ืœืืžื• ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืืฉืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืื™ืœื•.

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื˜ืงืก ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื”ืื™ื›ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืกืก ืฉื›ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื˜ืชื• ืืš ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืข ื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืงื ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื•.ย  ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉืฆืคืชื” ืœื‘ื•ืื• ืฉืœ ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืœื” ื”ื˜ืจื™, ื”ืื™ื›ืจ, ืจืง ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžื˜ ืžื”ืฉืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœื.ย  ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ื ืืœืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื ืฉื•ืื” ืœืื™ื›ืจ ื’ืก ื”ืจื•ื—. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืžื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืื”ื•ื‘ื”, ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘. ื•ืื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข.

ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ืจื•ืฉื” ื›ื™ ืชื‘ื•ื ืขืžื•, ืืš ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ื ื” ืžืžื ื” ื•ื”ื•ืœืš. ื‘ืจื’ืข ืงืฉื” ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ย ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืฆื•ื• ืฉื”ื•ืจื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœืืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.

ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜

ืืฆื“ืง,ย  ื›ืคืจื™ ย ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ ืžืกืชื™ืจ ืคืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•. ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ืœื” ืฉื”ืคืœื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืกื’ื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื. ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืชืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืืฆื“ืง ืžืฉื—ืง ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื ื•ื ืกื™ื›ื ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืชื• ืœืฉื•ืคื˜. ืืฆื“ืง ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฉืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื•ื— ื•ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื™ ืชื’ื“ืœ ืื•ืชื•: ืืžื• ื”ืžืืžืฆืช (ื’ืจื•ืฉื”)ย  ืื• ืืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช (ืืฉืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ) ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื• ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื•.

ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจ

ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืกืฆื ื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืชืœื•ืช ืืช ืืฆื“ืง ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื•ืžืชืขืœืœื™ื ื‘ื• ืืš ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ื ืžื™ื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื•.

ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืืฆื“ืง ืžืกืžืœ ืžืขื’ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืจ ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ื›ื™ ืชืžืฉื•ื›ื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“. ืžื™ ืฉืชืฆืœื™ื— ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. ืืฉืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ื•ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ืžืจืคื” . ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”. ื›ืฉื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉื•ืืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ื›ืš ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ื›ืื™ื‘ ืœื™ืœื“.ย  ืืฆื“ืง ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื™ื™ืžืกืจ ืœื’ืจื•ืฉื” ื•ื ื•ื–ืฃ ื‘ืืฉืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื•ื•ืชื ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืฉืชืงื™ื ื’ืŸ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืฉืžื• ื™ื”ื™ื” "ื’ืŸ ืืฆื“ืง" ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžื’ืจืฉ ืืช ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ืžื‘ืขืœื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืœืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ.

 

ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจ ื”ืงื•ื•ืงื–ื™ ืœื‘ืจื˜ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืจื›ื˜. (1945 โ€“ 1944)

ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจืคืงืฆื™ื”

ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืชย  ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื: ืงื•ื•ืงื– ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ืœ ืืจืฅ ื‘ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื”. ืืจืฅย  ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืชย  (ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช) ืžืฆื•ืคื™ื• ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ื˜.

ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืจื—ื•ืงื” :

  1. ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืคืจืกื™ื
  2. ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืœื•ื›ื ื™ (ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื™ื)
  3. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืก ื•ืขื’ืœื” (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”)

ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื’ื“ื” ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ืื™-ืฉื.

ย 

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืœื™ืœื” ื•ืงื•ื˜ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื”

ื‘ืžื—ื–ื”ย  ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขืœ ย ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช : ื”ื–ืžืจ, ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื ืื• ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื’ืจื•ืฉื”.ย  ืœืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืœื™ืœื”. ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื—ืœืงื ืžื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ืžืจ ื•ืžืกื›ืžื™ืย  ย ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื•ื—ืœืงื ืžื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืคื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขืœื™ืœื”.

 

ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ

ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืจ ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ. ื”ื•ื ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืžืคืจืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ย ืœืืคื™ืชย  (=ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ืช) .

 

ืžื—ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื˜ืข

ื—ืžืฉ ืกืฆื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืฆื™ืจ ืขืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื›ืœ ืกืฆื ื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœื™ืœื” ื”ืžืื–ื›ืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื’ื“ื” , ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื” ื•ื ื•ืฉืืช ื›ื•ืชืจืช. ("ื”ืจื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขืžืง", "ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืจื" "ื”ืžื ื•ืกื” ืืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ" ย ย "ื‘ื”ืจื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ" "ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคื˜")

ื”ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืชย  ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื

ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ืžืขืชื™ืง ืื’ื“ื” ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœืžื”ย  ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœืงื”ืœ: ืฉืชื™ ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืขื ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขืฆืจย  ื•ื”ืžืœืš ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจ ื”ืงื•ื•ืงื–ื™ ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืžื•ืฉื›ื• ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื•. ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ื‘ืื’ื“ื”, ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืžืกื›ื™ืžื” ย ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ื•. "ื›ื™ ื ื›ืžืจื• ืจื—ืžื™ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื ื”" ื›ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืžืœื›ื™ื ื'. ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ืกื˜ื” ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืื’ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœืžื”, ื‘ืขืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ย  ืœื ื™ื™ืžืกืจ ืœืืžื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ืืฉืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื™ ืฉื”ืคืงื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื•, ืืœื ืœืื ื”ืžืืžืฆืช, ื ืขืจืช-ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื—, ื’ืจื•ืฉื”, ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื’ื™ื“ืœื” ืื•ืชื• ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื”.

 

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช

(ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ื” = ืžืฉืœ , ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช) ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ืื• ืฉื. ืื ืœื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช ืื™ืœื• ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ื›ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ย  ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืง.

ย 

"ื”ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื’ื”" –ย  ืžื˜ืืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ.

ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ ื™ื™ืคื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืœ ืืจืฅ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื' ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” , ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื—ื‘ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขื ื”ืžืจืขื” ืฉืœื”ื, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืžืง ื•ืชื›ื ื ื• ืœื• ืขืชื™ื“ ื—ืงืœืื™ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ.

ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืžืง ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื ื•ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื. ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื•ื›ืื•ืช ืชื•ื“ื” ืžืขืœื™ื ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื’ื”.

 

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื›ื•ืช

ื‘ื”ืฆื’ืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจ ื”ืงื•ื•ืงื–ื™ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ื‘ืžืกื›ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ืงืฉื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืื™ืคื•ืจ. ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ื™ื• 150 ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœื•ืชย  ืื‘ืœ ืขืžื“ื• ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ืจืง 50 ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื.ย  ื”ืžืกื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื• ืืžืฆืขื™ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”. ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืกื›ื•ืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื›ื”ย  ื”ืขื•ืจืฃ ื•ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื ืฆื‘ืขื• ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžืกื›ื”.

 

ื”ืžืกืจื™ื ืฉืœ ย ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื”

 

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™-ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ื™ื

 

ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”. ื”ืฉืงืคืช ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืื”

ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืขืžืง ื›"ืžืฆื•ืœืง โ€“ืงืจื‘ื•ืช". ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ

ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ย ื•ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ืžืื ื™ืฉ (ืžืขื ื™ืง ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช)ย  ืืช ื”ืขืžืง ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฆื“ ื”ื›ืื•ื‘: ืœืฆืœืงื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื.

 

 

 

 

ย 

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื

ย 

ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื–ื” ื”ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขื ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ืื• ื”ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช-

ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ื• ื‘ืจื›ื˜ย  ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืกืจ ื•ืฉื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื‘ื• ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื˜:

ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื–ื” ื”ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขื ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ืื• ื”ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช:

"ื™ื”ื™ ื”ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื›ืœ

ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขืžื•,

ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœืื™ืฉื” ื”ืื™ืžื”ื™ืช, ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ื’ื“ืœ.

ื”ืขื’ืœื” โ€“ ืœืขื’ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ื ื”ื’ ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘,

ื•ื”ืื“ืžื” ืœืžืฉืงื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื, ืœืžืขืŸ ืชื™ืชืŸ

ืคืจื™ื” ื‘ืขืชื•."

(ืขืž' 125)

ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื™ืœื“ ื™ื™ืžืกืจ ืœืื™ืฉื” ื”ืื™ืžื”ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืœืืžื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ืื ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” "ืื™ืฉื” ืื™ืžื”ื™ืช".

 

ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ืžืขืžื“ื™ – ืงื™ืคื•ื— ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืชืงื™ืคื™ื ื•ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื –

ื‘ืจื›ื˜ ื™ื•ืฆื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ืžืขืžื“ื™ ย ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉย  ืืชย  ืชื—ืœื•ืื™ (ืžื—ืœื•ืช) ย ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ:

  • ืฉื•ื—ื“- ืคื•ืฉื˜ ื”ื™ื“ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื ืœื•ืงื— ืฉื•ื—ื“.
  • ืืœื™ืžื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื”ื’ืกื” ื•ื”ืืœื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื.

ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืคืขืจย  ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืขื.

  • ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืขื•ืœื• ื•ืžื—ืœืชื• ื”ืงืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขืฆืจ. ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืื“ื ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขืฆืจ , ืฉื ื™ ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืคืžืœื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจืชื™ื.ย  ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ืžืช ื‘ืจืขื‘.
  • ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ: ื›ืš ืžืฆื”ื™ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉ:

"ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื›ืืŸ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืืช ื˜ื™ืคืช ื“ืžื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ"

(ืขืž' 22)

ื”.ย  ื”ืชืื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ย ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืจื’ืข ื‘ืจื™ื—ืชื” ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืจืง ื‘ืฉืžืœื•ืชื™ื”: ืื™ื–ื• ืฉืžืœื” ืขืœื™ื”

ืœืงื—ืชย  ื•ื“ื•ืื’ืช ืฉืœื ืชืงืจืข.ย  ืืช ื™ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขืฆืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืœื” ื•ื“ืื’ื” ืœืฉืžืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ืฉืช ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸ

ื”ื‘ื•ืขืจ.

 

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื:

  • "ืงื•ืœื—ื•ื–", ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘"ื™ื“ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช" ื”ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ืืœ ืจืขื”ื• ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ "ื—ื‘ืจื™ื" , ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ

ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื‘"ืกื™ื•ืข ืžืžืœื›ืชื™", "ื•ืขื“ืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ" ื”ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืœื—ื•ื–

  • ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื—ื•ื–: ืจื•ื–ื” ืœื•ืงืกื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื ืฉืœ ืœื•ื—ืžืช ืงื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.

ื’.ย ย ย  ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขื’ืœ – ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื•ืื™ื—ื•ื“, ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœื.

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ืœื—ืœื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ: 19 ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ืฉืžืชื

ืื•ืกืฃ ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืื™ืš ืžื’ืฉื™ืžื™ื ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื” ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.

ื’'ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื˜ ืขืœ ืœืžื” ืืชื ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื: ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืฆื•ื“ืง ื•ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช

ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืžื—ืคืฉ ืืžืช, ืืœื ืžืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื•. ื’'ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื˜ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื โ€“ ื•ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ืจืช.

ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื:

ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื ืชื™ื ื”, ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื "ืš

ืื•ืกืฃ ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื ืชื™ื ื”, ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืžื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื "ืš

ืฉืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื›ื•ื—

ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื›ื•ื—.

ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื•ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘: ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช

ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื? ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื, ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™-ื”ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื•ืœื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช?