ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•: ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื“ -ื”ืžืคื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•: ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื“ – ื”ืžืคื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช โ€“ ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื

ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื

ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืขืœืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”: ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื”ื ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืคืจื˜. ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื: ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ื•ื”ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื•ืช ืขื ืกื˜ืืœื™ืŸ (ื˜ืจื•ืฆืงื™; ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ืฆื™ื•ื ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืคื›ื”; ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื; ื•ื›ื•').

ืขื“ ืฉื‘-1935 (ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ืจืกืื™) ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื. ืื– ืกื˜ืืœื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 180 ืžืขืœื•ืช, ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขื ื›ืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื–ื™ืช ืขืžืžื™ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ื. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืœื™ื“.

ื—ื–ื™ืช ืขืžืžื™ืช ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ืฉื ืขืœื” ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืœืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื. ื”ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžื›ืš โ€“ "ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื". ื—ื–ื™ืช ืขืžืžื™ืช ื”ื•ืงืžื” ืืฃ ื‘ืกืคืจื“.

ืืš ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช, ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ืœืฉื”, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ โ€“ ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื“.

ย 

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืœื›ืช ืื—ื•ืจื”, ืื– ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืฉืžืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืœื’ (ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื). ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืฉืžืืœ, ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื ืจื›ื™ืกื˜ื™ื (ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช, ืœืœื ืคืจื•ืœื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ) – SNT. ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืชื, ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืื•ื“ ื ืืžื ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช.

ืกืคืจื“ ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื“ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื. ืขื–ืจ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžืื•ื“.

ืœืกืคืจื“ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืฉื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฆืจื•ืช.

ืžืจื•ืงื•: ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื—ืœืง ื—ืกืจ ืชื•ื—ืœืช ืฉื. ื”ื—ืœืง ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืฆืจืคืชื™ื. ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื“ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“-ืืœ-ืงืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื”ืชืขืžืช ืื™ืชื•, ื•ื ื™ืฆื— ืื•ืชื•, ืื•ืžื ื ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.

ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ื ื•ื›ืกืฃ ืจื‘. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืœืš ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื•ื›ื•'. ื ื”ื™ื™ื” ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ืจื ืœืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ื–ื, ื•ืขืœื” ื’ื ืจืœ โ€“ ืคืจื™ืžื• ื“ื”-ืจื™ื‘ืจื”. ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™. ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ืกืคืจื“ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื™ื“ืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช โ€“ ืกืคืจื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืคื’ืจืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช.

ืืš ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืขื ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ืื• ืขื ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ-ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ. ื›ืฉื™ืจื“ ืžื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืขืœื” ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื–ื ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืœืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื”, ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.

ื”ืžืœืš ืืœืคื•ื ืกื• ืœื ืจืฆื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ. ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืจื™ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜. ื”ืžืœืš ืขื•ื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืœืœื ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ื ื•ื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.

ื‘ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžื ืกื—ื™ื ื—ื•ืงื”, ื•ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืžื ืฆื— ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืžืืœ ืžืคื•ืœื’. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื 31', ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™. ืœืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืื•ืžื ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ืืš ืชืžื™ื“ ืคืชืจื• ืื•ืชื ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืจื”. ืกืคืจื“ ืคืœื˜ื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ืืš ื‘-23' ืืจื”"ื‘ ืกื’ืจื” ืืช ืฉืขืจื™ื”, ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉืœ ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ โ€“ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื.

ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืœื’. ื–ืืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืฉืžืืœ ื•ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ โ€“ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืจืžื” ื‘ืกืคืจื“.

ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืจืฆื• ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™-ืžืœื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื”. ื ื™ืกื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘-31-33'. ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืจืžืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื“ (ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘).

ืืš ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื• ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™.

ื‘-33' ืžืคื ื™ื ื”ืฉืžืืœื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ืžื ื™ื. ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืžืื•ื—ื“. ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื’ื ืžืฆื“ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืฉืจืื” ืกื›ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ.

ืคืจื ืงื•, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืจืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“, ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื•ื›ืš ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”: ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชืคื•ืจืจืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืช. ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืง, ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื•, ื•ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื. ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื“ ืื ืจื›ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื, ืฉืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ืื“ืžื•ืช. ื”ื ืžืฉืชืœื˜ื™ื, ืžืงื™ืžื™ื ืงื•ืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“.

ืคืจื ืงื• ืฉื•ืœื— ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื›ื, ืจื•ืื” ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื‘ื โ€“ ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ืžืชื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช ืœืฉืžืืœ. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื” ืฉื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•.

ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืžืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”: ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื’ืขื• ืžืจืขื‘ ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชื’ืขื• ืžืคื—ื“, ืฉื”ืจืขื‘ ื™ืงื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช.ย 

16 ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™

ืžื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™? ืื™ืš ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืื• ืื™ืš ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข? ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™

ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ, "ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”", ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™

ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื: ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ื”ื ืฉื›ื— ืฉืœ "ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช"

ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืืœื• ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืฉืคืจืกืžื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ืงืžื‘ื•ืŸ

ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ:

ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”:

ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ:

ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ: